Space Radiation : Astrophysical Origins, Radiobiological Effects and Implications for Space Travellers / James S. Welsh.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Welsh, James S., author.

Series:

IPEM-IOP Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Extraterrestrial radiation.

Extraterrestrial radiation--Physiological effect.

Medical physics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (793 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Bristol, England : IOP Publishing, [2024]

Summary:

Space radiation is a topic of growing importance to scientists and researchers as well as the general public. As serious conversation about manned space travel grows, information on the topic will become increasingly needed. This thorough reference text comprehensively covers space radiation and its biological effects on the human body.

Contents:

Intro

Acknowledgments

Author biography

James S Welsh

Chapter An introduction to space radiation

1.1 Our radioactive Earth

1.2 Our geomagnetic cocoon-Earth's radiation safety officer

1.3 Radiation from above

1.4 Our radiation-absorbing atmosphere

1.5 Radiation within our atmosphere

1.6 The Van Allen belts

1.7 Solar particle events

1.8 Solar electromagnetic radiation

1.9 Radiation on the Moon?

1.10 Next stop, Mars

Further reading

Chapter Space radiation beyond Mars

2.1 Beyond Mars: Jupiter and its Galilean satellites

2.2 Saturn and its moons

2.3 The edge of the Solar System

2.4 Interstellar space radiation

2.5 Gamma rays of death, doom and destruction?

2.6 The Solar System sine wave

2.7 Quasars and blazars

2.8 Hawking radiation

Chapter Astronomy basics

3.1 Galaxy, clusters and superclusters

3.2 Galactic size and motion

3.3 Super-sized galaxies

3.4 Radio giants

3.5 Number of galaxies in the Universe?

3.6 Milky Way anatomy

3.7 The Solar System's location within the Galaxy

3.8 Star clusters

3.9 Standard candles

3.10 The interstellar medium

3.11 Nebulae

3.12 Our place in the Galaxy

3.13 The galactic carousel and cosmic rays

3.14 The structure of the Solar System

3.15 Kepler's Laws of planetary motion

3.16 Using Kepler's Law to measure the mass of galaxies

Chapter Elementary physics, chemistry and biology

4.1 Ionizing radiation units

4.2 Derived versus fundamental quantities and the SI units

4.3 Work and energy

4.4 Velocity and acceleration

4.5 Force, Newton's Laws of Motion and the Law of Universal Gravitation

4.6 Power

4.7 Frequency and hertz

4.8 Curies and becquerels

4.9 Linear momentum

4.10 Angular momentum

4.11 Electrical units.

4.12 Photometry: luminous intensity, luminous flux, emittance and illuminance

4.13 Luminous intensity

4.14 Luminous flux

4.15 Illuminance and luminous emittance

4.16 Luminance

4.17 Recap of chemistry

4.17.1 Atomic structure

4.18 Ionization energy

4.19 Electron affinity

4.20 Electronegativity

4.21 Chemical bonds

4.22 Types of chemical reactions

4.23 Acids and bases

Chapter Fundamentals of radioactivity

5.1 Kinetics of radioactivity

5.2 Radioactivity revisited

5.3 The valley of stability

5.4 Alpha decay

5.5 Beta decay

5.6 Positron emission (beta-plus decay)

5.7 Electron capture

5.8 Inverse beta decay

5.9 Gamma decay

5.10 Isomeric transition

5.11 Internal conversion

5.12 Double electron capture

5.13 Double beta decay

5.14 Neutrinoless double beta decay

5.15 Induced fission

5.16 Spontaneous fission

5.17 Natural reactors

5.18 Proton radioactivity and neutron emission

5.19 Halo nuclei

5.20 Halo nuclei in stellar interiors and in supernovae

5.21 Conservation in radioactive decay

5.22 The Oddo-Harkins rule

5.23 Neutrinos

Chapter Basic radiation science

6.1 Directly ionizing and indirectly ionizing radiation

6.2 Electromagnetic radiation

6.2.1 X-rays vs gamma-rays

6.3 Dose, Kerma and terma

6.3.1 Exposure

6.4 W values and specific ionization

6.5 Half value layers and radiation lengths

6.6 Beam hardening

6.7 Homogeneity factor

6.7.1 Bremsstrahlung

6.8 Cerenkov radiation and anomalous refraction

6.9 Interactions between energetic photons and matter

6.9.1 Coherent scattering

6.9.2 Rayleigh scattering

6.9.3 Thompson scattering

6.10 Compton scattering

6.11 Derivation of the Compton effect equations

6.12 The Klein-Nishina formula

6.13 Compton effect summary.

6.13.1 The photoelectric effect

6.13.2 Probability of the photoelectric effect as a function of atomic number

6.13.3 Probability of the photoelectric effect as a function of photon energy

6.13.4 Characteristic x-rays, the Auger effect and conversion electrons

6.14 Fluorescence yield

6.15 Auger electron energy

6.16 Classification of characteristic x-rays

6.17 Auger, Coster-Kronig, and super Coster-Kronig electrons

6.18 Pair production

6.19 Pair production probability and photon energy

6.20 Pair production probability and atomic number

6.21 The need for the nucleus in pair production

6.22 Energy and momentum in pair production

6.23 The fate of the positron

6.24 PET scanning

6.25 Cascade production

6.26 Pair production and electron cloud vacancies

6.27 Internal pair production

6.28 Pair-instability supernovae

6.29 Pair production and Hawking radiation

6.30 Alternative pairs

6.31 Triplet production

6.32 Photonuclear disintegration

6.33 The giant dipole resonance

6.34 Radiative capture

6.35 Gadolinium neutron capture therapy

6.36 Attenuation (absorption) coefficients

6.36.1 Electron interactions with matter

6.37 Coulombic scattering of electrons

6.38 Elastic and inelastic scattering with nuclei and atomic electrons

6.39 Interactions between electrons and nuclei

6.40 Proton interactions with matter

6.41 Nuclear interactions between protons and the medium

6.42 Characteristics of a Bragg curve

6.43 Stopping power and restricted stopping power

6.44 The Bethe Bloch equation

6.45 Special relativity and proton stopping power

6.46 Bragg's rule for molecules

6.47 Proton-induced nuclear reactions

6.48 Alpha particles

6.49 Neutron interactions with matter

6.49.1 Neutron energies

6.49.2 Interactions of neutrons with matter.

6.49.3 Neutron diffraction

6.50 Neutron absorption resonance peaks

6.51 Elastic scattering of neutrons

6.52 Dose deposition by neutrons

6.52.1 Moderators

6.53 Elastic and inelastic scattering of neutrons

6.53.1 Nuclear disintegrations

6.53.2 Neutron capture

6.54 Radiative capture

6.55 (n,p) Proton Emission Reactions

6.56 (n,α) Alpha Emission Reactions

6.57 Inelastic scattering of neutrons

6.58 Neutron decay

Chapter Elements of quantum mechanics for space radiation

7.1 Basic quantum mechanics

7.2 The tunnel effect

7.3 The wave-particle duality

7.4 Degeneracy pressure

7.5 Statistical mechanics

7.5.1 Kirchhoff's laws and blackbody radiation

7.6 The Balmer series and the Bohr atom

7.6.1 Hubble's Law

Chapter Quarks, leptons and radiation: the Standard Model

8.1 Fundamental forces and particles

8.2 Bosons

8.3 Fermions

8.3.1 Fundamental particles

8.3.2 Quarks

8.3.3 Color

8.4 Gluons and quantum chromodynamics

8.4.1 Leptons

8.4.2 Hadrons

8.4.3 Gluons

8.5 Symmetry and the Standard Model

8.6 Sea quarks and valence quarks

8.7 Neutrinos

Chapter Radiation chemistry

9.1 Radiochemistry versus radiation chemistry

9.1.1 Radiation chemistry

9.2 Aqueous radiation chemistry

9.3 The timescale of radiation chemistry

9.4 Initial physico-chemical actions of irradiation

9.5 'Pre-chemical' reactions of radiation chemistry

9.6 Concentration and potency of radiation products

9.7 Linear energy transfer

9.8 LET and radiation chemistry

9.9 Radiation-induced heating

9.10 Reactive species made by radiolysis of water

9.11 Chemical reactions involving the species made through irradiation

9.12 Parent ion fragmentation

9.13 Ion-molecule reactions.

9.14 Interactions of the ejected electron

9.15 The chemical reaction phase of radiation chemistry

9.16 Reaction radius

9.16.1 G values

9.16.2 'Fixation' of damage by oxygen

9.16.3 Radicals

9.17 Initiation, propagation and termination of radical reactions

9.18 Reactivity of radical species and ease of formation

9.19 Ion radicals

9.20 Combustion as a radical reaction

9.21 Non-reactive radicals

9.22 DNA damage reversal

9.23 Clustered DNA damage

9.23.1 Scavengers and quenchers

9.23.2 Glutathione

9.24 Haber-Weiss and Fenton reactions

Chapter Radiation biochemistry

10.1 Interactions of radiation with biological macromolecules

10.2 Radiation countermeasures

10.3 Radioprotectors and radiosensitizers

10.4 Three lines of intracellular radiation defense

10.5 Biochemical defenses against radiation

10.5.1 First-line defense antioxidants

10.5.2 Second-line defense antioxidants

10.5.3 Third-line defense antioxidants

10.6 Radical-inactivating enzymes

10.6.1 Catalase

10.6.2 Superoxide dismutase

10.7 Glutathione peroxidase

10.7.1 Glutathione reductase

10.8 Thioredoxin reductase

10.9 Non-enzyme antioxidants

10.9.1 Selenium

10.9.2 Vitamin C

10.9.3 Vitamin E

10.9.4 Melatonin

10.10 Phytochemicals

10.10.1 Polyphenols: flavonoids and non-flavonoids

10.10.2 Non-flavonoid polyphenols

10.10.3 Carotenoids

10.10.4 Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates

10.11 Miscellaneous antioxidant agents

10.11.1 Apigenin

10.11.2 Antioxidant supplements versus foods?

Chapter Molecular radiobiology

11.1 Deterministic versus stochastic effects of radiation

11.2 Cellular consequences of irradiation

11.3 Cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype

11.4 Classification of radiation damage.

11.5 Potentially lethal radiation damage.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9780750354448

0750354445

OCLC:

1434177978