Understanding sexual dimorphism / edited by Jorge Morales-Montor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Morales Montor, Jorge, editor.

Series:

Gender Issues and Challenges Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Women--Violence against.

Women.

Women--Violence against--Case studies.

Sexism.

Sex role.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (292 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., [2023]

Summary:

This book provides updated information to scientists and clinicians that is valuable in their quest to gather information, carry out new investigations, and develop novel research about sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism (SD) is the difference in morphology and physiology between sexes of the same species and it has been widely recognized as a very important risk factor in all diseases. Furthermore, SD can reflect the susceptibility associated with gender in human disease. This book should be of high priority to people interested in an update on sex differences in health and disease, and biological factors of risk, and explains the latest sex-associated factors for different types of diseases. It also delves into the advantage of modifying metabolism in order to obtain potential strategies for restoring the function of effector immune cells. Likewise, the book examines topics such as sex and cardiovascular disease, sex bias in immunity and immunity to infection and sex hormones cancer and autoimmunity. Additionally, it presents basic and clinical data of different diseases.

Contents:

Intro

Dedication

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1

The Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms behind the Contribution of Sexual Dimorphism in the Occurrence of Non-Communicable Diseases

Abstract

Introduction

Body Composition

Obesity

Insulin Sensitivity and Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

Cardiovascular Diseases

Atherosclerosis

Hypertension

Cancer

Immune System

Autoimmune Diseases

Lung Diseases

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2

Sex Hormones and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease

Differences in Clinical Presentation in Men and Women

Steroid Sex Hormones

Estrogen

Estrogen Receptors

G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor

Testosterone

Androgen Receptor

Effect of Sex Hormones on the Neurohumoral Axis

Estrogens in Atherosclerosis

Effect of Estrogen on Cells in Atherosclerosis

Testosterone and Atherosclerosis

Effect of Testosterone on Cells in Atherosclerosis

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Genetics

Ackowledgments

Chapter 3

Hormonal Bias in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Focus on the Atherosclerotic Process

Atherosclerotic Process

The Dimorphic Manner in Atherosclerosis

Common Factors

Age

Cholesterol

Smoking

Body Weight and Diabetes

Women-Specific Risk Factors

Reproductive Endocrine Disorders

Pregnancy Complications

Implications of Estradiol in the Atherosclerotic Process

Implications of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in the Atherosclerotic Process

Chapter 4.

Macrophages: Are They Key Players in Explaining Sex Associated Susceptibility of the Immune Response?

Monocytes, More Than Progenitors

Macrophages, Not Only Phagocytic Cells

Macrophages, Immune Cells to Sense the Environment

Functions of Monocytes and Macrophages in Health and Disease

Mechanisms of Sexual Dimorphism in Macrophages

Sex Hormones

Classical Hormone Receptors Signaling within Immune Macrophages

Estrogens, an Immune-Stimulatory Effect?

Progesterone, Does the Effect Depend Upon Concentration?

Androgens, Are They Immunosuppressive for Macrophages?

Sex Hormones as Epigenetic Modifiers of Macrophages

Hormone-Independent Mechanisms for Sexual Dimorphism in Macrophages

X-Chromosome Inactivation in Females

Sexual Differential Gene Expression and Chromatin Accessibility Between Sexes in Macrophages

Impact of Sexual Dimorphism on Macrophages

Response of Macrophages during Infectious Diseases

Bacterial Infections and Septic Shock

Viral Infections and COVID-19

Role of Macrophages during Helminths Infection

Do Macrophages Participate in Autoimmunity?

Chapter 5

Sexual Dimorphism and the Immune Response: Its Role in the Transmission of Infectious Diseases by Insect Vectors

Sexual Dimorphism in Immunocompetence of Anopheles Mosquitoes

Sexual Dimorphism in the Immune Response of Aedes aegypti Against Pathogens

Interactomes of the Signaling Pathways of Baseline Levels in Both Males and Females of Different Mosquitoes of Medical Importance

What Is Known About Sexual Dimorphism in the Immune Response of Triatomines?

Chapter 6

The Role of Sexual Dimorphism in HIV Infection: How the HIV Pandemic Has Affected Men and Women Differently

Introduction.

The Difference between Sex and Gender and Why Both Matter in HIV Research

Sex Differences Increasing Risk of HIV Acquisition

HIV Transmission

Biological Factors Affecting Susceptibility to HIV Infection

Epithelial Barrier Integrity of Female Genital Tract

Inflammation

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Genital Microbiome

Gut Microbiome

The Role of Sexual Dimorphism in Anti-HIV Immunity

Sex Differences in HIV Immune Response and Immunopathology

Sex Differences in Type I IFN Response to HIV Infection

Direct Effect of Sex Chromosomes on TLR7-Mediated IFN Response

Modulation of Sex Differences in TLR7-mediated IFN- Response by Sex Hormones

Contribution of X Chromosome to Sex Differences in HIV Infection

X Chromosome Inactivation and Mosaicism

Gene Expression

The Role of Sex Hormones in HIV Pathogenesis

Effect of Sex Hormones on Susceptibility to HIV Infection

Sex Steroid Hormones as Modulating Factors of Immune Response to HIV Infection

Progesterone

Sex Differences in HIV Reservoir

Sex-Biased Response to Antiretroviral Therapy (cART)

Impact of Sexual Dimorphism in HIV Prevention and Cure Approaches

PrEP as a Prevention Strategy for HIV Infection

Sex Differences in HIV Vaccine Responses

HIV Cure Approaches

Chapter 7

Sexual Dimorphism in Ulcerative Colitis-Associated Cancer

Abbreviations

Colorectal Cancer Pathophysiology and Risk Factors

Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer

Innate Immune System

Adaptative Immune System

Microbiota and Immune System Interaction

Microenvironment Immune Profile in CCR Tumors

The Role of Sex and Sex Steroids in Colitis Associated Cancer

Tumor Microenvironment in Males and Females.

Effect of Sex Steroids in the Growth of Colorectal Tumors

Estradiol

Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone

Chapter 8

Hormonal Influence on the Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Prolactin

Estrogens

Acknowledgment

About the Editor

Index

Blank Page

Blank Page.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Morales-Montor, Jorge Understanding Sexual Dimorphism

ISBN:

979-88-86979-45-9