World cancer report (2020) : Cancer research for cancer prevention / Christopher P. Wild, Elisabete Weiderpass, Bernard W. Stewart, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Wild, Christopher P., editor.

Weiderpass, Elisabete, editor.

Stewart, Bernard W., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Cancer--Epidemiology.

Cancer.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (611 pages) : illustrations

Other Title:

World cancer report

Place of Publication:

Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020.

Summary:

Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention is a multidisciplinary publication, with leading international scientists as authors and reviewers. More than 60 different chapters describe multiple aspects of cancer prevention and the research that underpins prevention, focusing on research activity during the past 5 years. Starting with the latest trends in cancer incidence and mortality worldwide, this publication provides wide-ranging insights into cancer prevention based on the known causes of cancer, factors that determine how cancer develops, and the behaviour of different tumour types, and presents a broad scope of interventions to reduce the cancer burden from a global perspective, including addressing inequalities that affect cancer prevention.

Contents:

Production team

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Introduction

1. The global cancer burden

1.1. The burden and prevention of premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases, including cancer: a global perspective

Bochen Cao, Isabelle Soerjomataram, Freddie Bray, and Bernard W. Stewart, reviewer. Elisabete Weiderpass, reviewer; Christopher P. Wild, reviewer.

Summary

Cancer as a leading cause of death worldwide

The Sustainable Development Goals target for combating noncommunicable diseases

References

1.2. Global trends in cancer incidence and mortality

Isabelle Soerjomataram, Freddie Bray, and Bernard W. Stewart, reviewer. Elisabete Weiderpass, reviewer; Christopher P. Wild, reviewer.

Lung cancer

Breast cancer

Colorectal cancer

Prostate cancer

Stomach cancer

Cervical cancer

Conclusions

1.3. Transitions in human development and the global cancer burden

Miranda M. Fidler-Benaoudia, Freddie Bray, and Bernard W. Stewart, reviewer. Elisabete Weiderpass, reviewer; Christopher P. Wild, reviewer.

Epidemiological transitions in cancer

The Human Development Index

Cancer burden by HDI level in 2018

Cancer profile by HDI level in 2018

Future cancer burden by HDI level

Cancer risk factors by HDI level

Cancer outcomes by HDI level

Evidence of diversity within HDI levels

Known causes of human cancer by organ site

2. Causes of cancer, including hazardous circumstances

2.1. Tobacco products : Massive and still growing causes of cancer worldwide

Neal D. Freedman, Michael J. Thun, and David H. Phillips, reviewer. Catherine Sauvaget, reviewer.

Tobacco products

Biological impact of tobacco products

Cancer types caused by tobacco use

Surveillance of tobacco use and tobacco control

Current and potential impact of tobacco control

2.2. Infectious agents : Missed opportunities for prevention

Robert Newton, Catherine de Martel, and Martyn Plummer, reviewer. You-Lin Qiao, reviewer.

Helicobacter pylori

Human papillomaviruses

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis C virus

Epstein-Barr virus

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

HIV

Macroparasites

2.3. Alcohol consumption : A leading risk factor for cancer

Jürgen Rehm, Kevin D. Shield, Elisabete Weiderpass, and Veronika Fedirko, reviewer. Pietro Ferrari, reviewer.

Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for cancer

The global cancer burden due to alcohol

Trends in the cancer burden due to alcohol from 2010 to 2016

The cancer burden due to alcohol is preventable

References.

2.4. Sunlight and ultraviolet radiation : Affecting skin cancer incidence in many countries

Chikako Nishigori and Steffen Emmert, reviewer. Nagarajan Rajendra Prasad, reviewer.

Sources of ultraviolet radiation

Epidemiology of skin cancers

Ultraviolet-induced DNA photolesions

Ultraviolet-induced DNA lesions and mutations in skin cancers

Inflammation caused by sunburn promotes carcinogenesis, and particular DNA lesions are implicated

Melanoma and ultraviolet-induced inflammation

Role of UVA in photocarcinogenesis

Ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression

Prevention of damage from solar ultraviolet radiation

2.5. Ionizing radiation and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields : Further clarification of particular risks

Dominique Laurier, Martin Röösli, and Maria Blettner, reviewer. Ausrele Kesminiene, reviewer; Colin R. Muirhead, reviewer.

Ionizing radiation

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

2.6. Diet and nutrition : Understanding which factors are critical

Marjorie L. McCullough, Walter C. Willett, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Giuseppe Grosso, reviewer. Marc Gunter, reviewer; Sarah Lewis, reviewer.

Dietary factors

Coffee

Mechanisms

Population attributable fractions

2.7. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and obesity : Established and emerging modifiable risk factors

Christine M. Friedenreich, Michael Leitzmann, and Steven C. Moore, reviewer. Leandro Fórnias Machado de Rezende, reviewer.

Physical activity

Sedentary behaviour

Obesity

2.8. Dietary carcinogens : A continuing concern in various contexts

John D. Groopman and Peter P. Fu, reviewer. Koraljka Gall Trošelj, reviewer; J. David Miller, reviewer.

Historical context

Naturally occurring dietary carcinogens

Red meat and processed meat

Future insights and strategies

2.9. Contamination of air, water, soil, and food : The challenge is to characterize specific risks

Pietro Comba, Ivano Iavarone, Manolis Kogevinas, and Aaron J. Cohen, reviewer. Kathryn Z. Guyton, reviewer; Josiah Ochieng, reviewer; Michelle C. Turner, reviewer.

Air pollution

Water contaminants

Soil

Food

Cancer and environment in children

Acknowledgement

2.10. Occupation : The need for continuing vigilance

Jack Siemiatycki, Lesley Rushton, and Robert D. Daniels, reviewer. Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan, reviewer; Elizabeth Ward, reviewer; Elizabeth A. Whelan, reviewer.

Specifying occupational carcinogens

Occupational agents or exposure circumstances evaluated as carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic

Challenges and trends in establishing and understanding lists of occupational carcinogens

Estimates of the fraction of cancer that is attributable to occupational exposures

Prevention

2.11. Pharmaceutical drugs : A current focus on hormones

Lisa Iversen and Anssi Auvinen, reviewer. Michael E. Jones, reviewer.

Hormonal contraceptives

Menopausal hormone therapy

Fertility drugs

World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research

Martin J. Wiseman.

3 Biological processes in cancer development

3.1. Sporadic cancer : Tumorigenesis in the absence of an established or avoidable cause

David Schottenfeld and Paul Brennan, reviewer. George Davey Smith, reviewer.

Ageing, telomeres, and cancer susceptibility

Somatic stem cells and human carcinogenesis

Epigenetic mechanisms in tumour development

Population attributable risks of sporadic cancers

3.2. Genomics : Susceptibility and somatic patterns

Stephen J. Chanock and Marc Ladanyi, reviewer. James McKay, reviewer.

Principles of germline genetic susceptibility to cancer

The search for regions of the genome that confer susceptibility to cancer

The landscape of mutational changes in cancer genomes

Future use of genomics in cancer research

3.3. Gene-environment interactions : The preventive implications are still not clear

Paolo Vineis and Anja Rudolph, reviewer. Ghislaine Scelo, reviewer.

What is genetic susceptibility?

ADH and ALDH, aerodigestive cancers, and Mendelian randomization

A review of the literature

Functional interpretation

Can genetic susceptibility be used to select high-risk populations?

Sick individuals and sick populations

3.4. DNA repair and genetic instability : Endogenous and exogenous sources of damage and hereditary syndromes

Eugenia Dogliotti, Margherita Bignami, and Janet Hall, reviewer. Jiri Zavadil, reviewer.

DNA damage and repair pathways

DNA repair disorders and cancer

The link between DNA damage repair, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis

Therapeutic approaches that target DNA repair

3.5. Inflammation : Playing a pivotal role in cancer pathogenesis

Muthu K. Shanmugam, Alan Prem Kumar, Gautam Sethi, and Massimo Tommasino, reviewer. Ioannis P. Trougakos, reviewer.

NF-κB signalling in inflammation and cancer

Opportunities for prevention and treatment

3.6. Reproductive and hormonal history : Important contributors to several cancer sites

Louise A. Brinton and Jennifer D. Brooks, reviewer. Silvia Franceschi, reviewer; Esther Roura Fornells, reviewer.

Female breast cancer

Endometrial cancer

Ovarian cancer

Testicular cancer

Male breast cancer

Other cancer types

3.7. Metabolic change and metabolomics : Emerging approaches and new insights

Augustin Scalbert, Marc Gunter, and Demetrius Albanes, reviewer. A. Heather Eliassen, reviewer; James R. Krycer, reviewer.

Metabolomics as a powerful tool to characterize metabolic phenotypes

Applications of metabolomics to understanding cancer development

Metabolomics and biomarkers of exposure to cancer risk factors

3.8. Epigenetics : Potential in diagnostics, therapy, and prevention

Toshikazu Ushijima, Zdenko Herceg, and James Flanagan, reviewer. Igor Pogribny, reviewer.

Epigenetic mechanisms

Epigenomic changes in cancer

Environmental influences on epigenomes

Epigenetic changes as biomarkers

Epigenetic therapy

Epigenetic cancer prevention

3.9. Immune function : From the tumour microenvironment to therapeutic targeting

Alberto Mantovani and Terry Lichtor, reviewer. Graham Pawelec, reviewer.

Inflammation, innate immunity, and cancer

Anti-tumour immunity and immunosuppression

Prognosis versus prediction

Implications for immunotherapy

3.10. The microbiome : Its influence on tumorigenesis and therapy

Georg Zeller and Nele Brusselaers, reviewer. Mazda Jenab, reviewer; Herbert Tilg, reviewer.

Cancers associated with a single microbial pathogen

Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract associated with altered gut microbiota composition

Cancers in organs outside the gastrointestinal tract

Role of the gut microbiome in cancer therapy

Microbiome-based approaches to cancer prevention

3.11. Identifying carcinogens from 10 key characteristics : A new approach based on mechanisms

Martyn T. Smith, Kathryn Z. Guyton, and Gloria M. Calaf, reviewer. John D. Groopman, reviewer.

Descriptions of the key characteristics of carcinogens

Using the key characteristics to identify carcinogens

The IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention

4 Inequalities that affect cancer prevention

4.1. Inequalities between and within countries: Impact on cancer prevention

Salvatore Vaccarella, Johan P. Mackenbach, and David I. Conway, reviewer. Diana Sarfati, reviewer; Paolo Vineis, reviewer.

Measuring inequalities in cancer

Evidence of cancer inequalities between countries

Evidence of cancer inequalities within countries

Factors underlying cancer inequalities, and interventions to reduce inequalities

Research priorities

4.2. Socioeconomic factors and cancer prevention in Africa : Cervical cancer as an example

Lynette Denny and Clement A. Adebamowo, reviewer. Filip Meheus, reviewer; Robert Newton, reviewer; Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, reviewer.

Overall cancer burden in Africa and globally

Costs of cancer care

Barriers to prevention and treatment of cancer in Africa

Health-care workforce

Socioeconomic determinants of health

Priorities for prevention, research, policy, and development

Challenges associated with cancer care in Africa

4.3. Cancer in urban and rural communities in China : Patterns reflect social dynamics

Wanqing Chen, He Li, Zhixun Yang, and Chunxue Bai, reviewer. Partha Basu, reviewer; Zhengming Chen, reviewer.

Cancer burden in urban and rural communities

Cancer patterns and trends in urban and rural areas

4.4. Socioeconomic factors and cancer prevention in India : Diverse interventions are needed

Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, Kunnambath Ramadas, and Cindy L. Gauvreau, reviewer. Mohandas K. Mallath, reviewer; Filip Meheus, reviewer; Aswathy Sreedevi, reviewer.

Cancer burden and patterns in India

Socioeconomic factors and cancer prevention

4.5. Variations in implementation of cancer screening in European countries : Striving for best practice

Harry J. de Koning and Partha Basu, reviewer. Nereo Segnan, reviewer.

Screening programmes

Variation in programmes

4.6. Disparities in cancer prevention services in the USA : A long-standing, persistent cause of inequity

Robert A. Smith, Electra D. Paskett, Carol E. DeSantis, and Graham A. Colditz, reviewer. Karen M. Emmons, reviewer.

Racial and ethnic disparities

Socioeconomic disparities

Geographical disparities

Interventions to reduce disparities

4.7. Cancer in Indigenous populations : Focusing on inequalities that are sometimes invisible

Diana Sarfati, Bridget H. Robson, Gail Garvey, and Malcolm King, reviewer. Diana R. Withrow, reviewer.

Preventing cancer in Indigenous peoples

How cancer outcomes in Indigenous peoples may be improved

Towards the World Code Against Cancer

Carolina Espina and Joachim Schüz.

5 Preventing particular tumour types

A guide to the epidemiology data in Section 5: Preventing particular tumour types

Incidence

Mortality

Data source

Data visualization tools

Age standardization

5.1. Lung cancer : Continues to be the leading cause of cancer death

Rayjean J. Hung, Adi F. Gazdar, and Joanna Didkowska, reviewer. Mattias Johansson, reviewer.

Epidemiology

Etiology

Somatic characteristics of histological types

Lung cancer in never-smokers

Prevention and mortality reduction

Prognosis and targeted treatment

5.2. Head and neck cancers : New etiological insights

Laia Alemany Vilches and Devasena Anantharaman, reviewer. Paul Brennan, reviewer; C. René Leemans, reviewer.

Genetics

Prevention and monitoring biomarkers

5.3. Oesophageal cancer : A tale of two malignancies

Reza Malekzadeh, Christian C. Abnet, Sanford M. Dawsey, and Valerie McCormack, reviewer. Aoife Ryan, reviewer; Katherine Van Loon, reviewer; David Whiteman, reviewer.

Molecular characteristics

Genetics and genomics

Early detection

5.4. Stomach cancer : Still one of the main cancer types worldwide

Christine Varon, Francis Mégraud, and Rolando Herrero, reviewer. Wenbo Meng, reviewer; Liang Qiao, reviewer.

Biological characteristics and early detection

5.5. Colorectal cancer : Decreasing disparities and promoting prevention are policy priorities

Carlo Senore, Nereo Segnan, Marc Gunter, and Colinda Simons, reviewer. Piet van den Brandt, reviewer.

Pathogenesis

Risk factors

Prevention and screening

5.6. Liver cancer : An infectious disease for many communities

Chien-Jen Chen and Isabelle Chemin, reviewer. Zdenko Herceg, reviewer; Tatsuhiro Shibata, reviewer.

Risk prediction

Detection

5.7. Pancreatic cancer : Many risk factors too poorly characterized to enable prevention

Jessica N. Everett, Diane M. Simeone, and Eric J. Duell, reviewer. Donghui Li, reviewer; Núria Malats, reviewer.

Pathology

Biomarkers

Screening and identification of high-risk groups

5.8. Skin cancer : A focus on primary prevention

David Whiteman and Bruce K. Armstrong, reviewer. Rüdiger Greinert, reviewer; Massimo Tommasino, reviewer.

Melanoma

Keratinocyte cancers

5.9. Breast cancer : Multiple, often complex, risk factors

Susan E. Hankinson, Kornelia Polyak, Judy E. Garber, and Benjamin O. Anderson, reviewer. Valerie McCormack, reviewer.

Biological characteristics

Social inequalities in risk and burden

5.10. Cervical cancer : Successes in some communities to be extended worldwide

Zvavahera Mike Chirenje, Bothwell Takaingofa Guzha, and Maribel Almonte, reviewer. Karen Canfell, reviewer; Lynette Denny, reviewer.

Prognostic markers for invasive cervical cancer

Socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic differences

Management of invasive cervical cancer

5.11. Endometrial cancer : Prevention through control of obesity

Penelope M. Webb and Dagfinn Aune, reviewer. Laure Dossus, reviewer.

5.12. Ovarian cancer : Complicated etiology and very few preventive options

Renée Turzanski Fortner, Rudolf Kaaks, and Ronny Drapkin, reviewer. Anita Koushik, reviewer.

Liquid biopsy: a promising approach for early detection

5.13. Prostate cancer : Challenges for prevention, detection, and treatment

Timothy R. Rebbeck and Timothy J. Key, reviewer. Richard M. Martin, reviewer.

Socioeconomic differences

5.14. Testicular cancer : New inroads into early diagnosis

Ewa Rajpert De Meyts, Ariana Znaor, Niels E. Skakkebæk, and Gemma Gatta, reviewer. Jason Gurney, reviewer; Joachim Schüz, reviewer.

General characteristics and histopathology

Etiology and risk factors

Biological characteristics important for diagnosis

Prevention of invasive cancer by early detection of GCNIS

Fertility preservation and prevention of late effects

5.15. Bladder cancer : A genotoxic causal agent recognized

Joëlle L. Nortier, Thierry Roumeguère, and Wolfgang A. Schulz, reviewer. Jiri Zavadil, reviewer.

Molecular subtypes

5.16. Kidney cancer : Multiple risk factors, but currently limited preventive strategies

Ghislaine Scelo, Alexander Parker, and Rosamonde E. Banks, reviewer. Carlo La Vecchia, reviewer.

Biology and early detection

Opportunities for prevention

5.17. Brain cancer : Increasing attention on the immune response

Dominique S. Michaud and John D. Mathews, reviewer. Hiroko Ohgaki, reviewer; Joachim Schüz, reviewer.

Revised WHO classification

Prospects

5.18. Thyroid cancer : The challenge of overdiagnosis

David O. Francis, Louise Davies, and Luigino Dal Maso, reviewer. Silvia Franceschi, reviewer; Sabina Rinaldi, reviewer.

Factors affecting rates of disease burden

5.19. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma : Complex etiology, including the role of immune function

Sonja I. Berndt and Franco Cavalli, reviewer. Karin Ekström Smedby, reviewer.

Etiology and biological characteristics

5.20. Leukaemias : Understanding pathogenesis through similarities and differences

Eve Roman, Alexandra G. Smith, and Martha S. Linet, reviewer. Joachim Schüz, reviewer.

Descriptive epidemiology

Genomics, survival, and treatment

Prevention and early detection

WHO Report on Cancer: Setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all

André M. Ilbawi.

Background and rationale

Aim and scope

Link to IARC World Cancer Report

Next steps

6 The basis for, and outcomes from, prevention strategies

Tobacco cessation: the WHO perspective : Cessation support can more than double the chance of successfully quitting

The health benefits of quitting tobacco

Policy actions recommended by WHO

Effective cessation interventions are available

Mechanisms for developing tobacco cessation support

E-cigarettes and other products promoted as "cessation aids"

6.1. Changing behaviour : The need for sustainable implementation

Graham A. Colditz, Sydney E. Philpott-Streiff, and Steinar Tretli, reviewer. Giske Ursin, reviewer.

Scope of the preventive approach

Background information required before implementation

Considerations for national campaigns

Considerations that limit wider applicability

6.2. Improving diet and nutrition, physical activity, and body weight : From evidence to practice

Annie S. Anderson and Christine M. Friedenreich, reviewer. Martin J. Wiseman, reviewer.

Diet and nutrition

6.3. Vaccination : The prospect of eliminating some cancer types

Silvia Franceschi, Iacopo Baussano, and Julia Brotherton, reviewer. Laia Bruni, reviewer.

6.4. Preventive therapy : Certain interventions clearly established

Jack Cuzick and Karen Brown, reviewer. Diona L. Damian, reviewer.

Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Other agents

Agents that have not worked

Conclusions and challenges

6.5. Managing people with high and moderate genetic risk : Genomic tools to promote effective cancer risk reduction

Patricia Ashton-Prolla, Jeffrey N. Weitzel, and Paul Brennan, reviewer. Ian S. Fentiman, reviewer; Mieke Van Hemelrijck, reviewer.

Scope of the preventive approach in cancer genomics

Differences between countries in effective implementation of GCRA

Models for implementation of GCRA

Management of patients with hereditary cancer

Current challenges, and interventions to overcome barriers

6.6. Screening : From biology to public health

Raúl Murillo and Partha Basu, reviewer. Ophira Ginsburg, reviewer; Julietta Patnick, reviewer; Robert A. Smith, reviewer.

Biological bases of screening

Screening tests

6.7. Circulating DNA and other biomarkers for early diagnosis : Great potential, but challenges recognized

Anna Babayan, Natalie Reimers, Klaus Pantel, and Shaoqing Ju, reviewer. James McKay, reviewer.

ctDNA for early detection of cancer

ctDNA for monitoring of minimal residual disease in patients with early-stage cancer

CTCs for early detection and monitoring of minimal residual disease

Liquid biopsy beyond ctDNA and CTC analyses

Technologies for detection of ctDNA and CTCs

From discovery to clinical validation and utility

6.8. Governmental action to control carcinogen exposure : Multiple options covering diverse scenarios

Vincent J. Cogliano and Dorota Jarosińska, reviewer. Sakari Karjalainen, reviewer; Kurt Straif, reviewer.

Restrictions qualitatively based on hazard

Restrictions quantitatively based on levels of exposure or risk

Incorporation of increased understanding and new types of information

The role of international agreements

Disclaimer

6.9. Prevention strategies common to noncommunicable diseases : A focus on tobacco, alcohol, obesity, and physical inactivity

David J. Hunter, K. Srinath Reddy, and Kunjan Kunjan, reviewer. Neil Pearce, reviewer; Christopher P. Wild, reviewer.

Burden of disease

Prevalence of risk factors

Experience in high-income countries

Prevention and control of NCDs

Health system challenges

Disclosures of interests.

Notes:

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