Ludwig's applied process design for chemical and petrochemical plants incorporating process safety incidents. Volume 1A. / A. Kayode Coker.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Coker, A. Kayode, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chemical plants--Equipment and supplies.

Chemical plants.

Chemical processes.

Petroleum industry and trade--Equipment and supplies.

Petroleum industry and trade.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1328 pages)

Edition:

Fifth edition.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, [2024]

Summary:

Ludwig’s Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants is a comprehensive guide focusing on the design, planning, and simulation of chemical processes. The book, authored by A. Kayode Coker, aims to equip process design engineers with the necessary tools and methodologies for effective process flowsheeting and simulation. It covers a wide range of topics, including process planning, scheduling, economic evaluation, and the use of specialized software like Aspen HYSYS and MATLAB for process simulation. The book also emphasizes the importance of safety, ethical standards, and best practices in the chemical engineering field. This fifth edition serves as an essential resource for professionals and students in chemical and petrochemical engineering, offering practical insights and case studies to enhance understanding and application in real-world scenarios. Generated by AI.

Contents:

Front Cover

Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Incorporating Process Safety Incidents

Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Incorporating Process Safety Incidents: Voume 1A

Copyright

In Loving Memory of My Parents

Contents

About the Author

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Acknowledgments

1 - Process Planning, Scheduling, and Flowsheet Design

1.1 Organizational Structure

1.2 Process Design Scope

1.3 Role of the Process Design Engineer

1.4 Computer-Aided Flowsheeting

Developing a Simulation Model

1. Model Equations

2. Connection Equations

3. Elements of a Modular Simulation

1.4.1 Simulate a Chemical Reactor

1.5 The Sequential Modular Simulation

1.6 The Equation Modular Approach

1.7 Degrees-of-Freedom Modeling

1.8 Isobutane Chemicals (iC4H10)

1.8.1 A Case Study (Felder and Rosseau [10])

Mixing Point

Reactor (Count Material Balances on Molecular Species)

Separator

Overall Process

1.9 Flowsheets-Types

1.9.1 Block Diagram (Fig. 1.8)

Process Flowsheet or Flow Diagram (Figs. 1.12A and 12B)

3. Piping Flowsheet or Mechanical Flow Diagram (Figs. 1.13-1.15) or Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&amp

ID)

4. Combined Process and Piping Flowsheet or Diagram (Figs. 1.16 and 1.17)

5. Utility Flowsheets or Diagrams (ULDs) (Figs. 1.18 and 1.19)

6. Special Flowsheets or Diagrams

7. Special or Supplemental Aids Plot Plans (Fig. 1.20)

1.10 Flowsheet Presentation

1.11 General Arrangements Guide

1.12 Computer-Aided Flowsheet Design/Drafting

1.13 Operator Training Simulator System

1.14 Flowsheet Symbols

1.14.1 Line Symbols and Designation

1.14.2 Materials of Construction for Lines

1.14.3 Test Pressure for Lines.

1.15 Working Schedules

1.16 Information Checklists

1.16.1 Engineering Ethics, Standards, and Codes

1.17 System of Units

1.18 System Design Pressures

1.19 Time Planning and Scheduling

1.19.1 Activity Analysis

1.19.2 Collection and Assembly of Physical Property Data

1.19.3 Estimated Equipment Calculation Man-Hours

1.19.4 Estimated Total Process Man-Hours

1.19.5 Typical Man-Hours Patterns

1.19.6 Influences

1.19.7 Assignment of Personnel

1.20 Plant Layout

1.21 Rules of Thumb Estimating

1.22 Process Simulators

1.22.1 MS Excel

1.22.2 Mathworks MATLAB

1.22.3 Alternatives to MATLAB

1.22.4 Process Simulators

1.22.4.1 Chemstations CHEMCAD

1.23 Aspen HYSYS and Aspen PLUS

1.23.1 gPROMS

1.24 Specialized Software

1.24.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics

1.25 Good Habits for Process Simulation [35]

1.25.1 Build a Simulation Model to Meet an Objective

1.25.2 Identify the System or Process and Draw an Envelope Around It

1.25.3 Imagine What Is Going on Physically

1.25.4 Translate the Physical Model to a Mathematical Model

1.25.5 Know Your Components

1.25.6 Know the Context of Your Feed Streams

1.25.7 Know Your Components Boiling Points

1.25.8 Keep Track of the Units of Measure in All Calculations

1.25.9 Always Do a Simple Material and Energy Balance First

1.25.10 Plot the Phase Envelope for Important Streams

1.26 Caution in Using Process Simulators

1.27 Conclusion

Abbreviations

References

Further Reading

2 - Cost Estimation and Economic Evaluation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Refinery Operating Cost

2.2.1 Theoretical Sales Realization Valuation Method

2.2.2 Cost Allocation for Actual Usage

2.3 Capital Cost Estimation

2.4 Equipment Cost Estimation by Capacity Ratio Exponents

2.5 Yearly Cost Indices

2.6 Factored Cost Estimate.

2.7 Detailed Factorial Cost Estimates

2.7.1 Zevnik and Buchanan's Method

2.7.2 Timm's Method

2.7.3 Bridgwater's Method

2.8 Bare Module Cost for Equipment

2.9 Summary of the Factorial Method

2.10 Computer Cost Estimating

2.11 Project Evaluation

2.11.1 Introduction

2.12 Cash Flows

2.12.1 Return on Investment (ROI)

2.12.2 Accounting Coordination

2.12.3 Payback Period (PBP)

2.12.4 Present Worth (or Present Value)

2.12.5 Net Present Value (NPV)

2.12.6 The Profitability Index (PI)

2.12.7 Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return (DCFRR)

2.12.8 Relationship Between Payback Period (PBP) and Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return (DCFRR)

2.12.9 Incremental Criteria

2.12.9.1 Depreciation

2.12.10 Profitability

2.12.10.1 Economic Analysis

2.12.11 Inflation

2.12.12 Sensitivity Analysis

2.13 Refining Economics

2.13.1 Crude Slates

2.13.2 Refinery Configuration

2.13.3 Product Slates

2.13.4 Refinery Utilization

2.13.5 Nelson Complexity Index (NCI)

2.13.6 Environmental Initiatives

2.14 Global Effects on Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical

2.14.1 Economy

2.15 Carbon Tax

2.16 Economic Terminology on Sustainability

2.16.1 Carbon Footprint

2.16.2 Global Warming Potential (GWP)

2.16.3 An Improved Method of Using GWPs

2.16.4 Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

2.16.5 Carbon Credit

2.16.6 Carbon Offset

2.16.7 Carbon Price

3 - Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases

3.1 Equations of State

3.1.1 Law of Corresponding States

3.2 Density of Liquids

3.3 Viscosity of Gases

3.4 Viscosity of Liquids

3.4.1 Conversion Factor

3.5 Heat Capacity of Gases

3.6 Heat Capacity of Liquids

3.7 Thermal Conductivity of Gases

3.8 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Solids

3.9 Surface Tension.

3.10 Vapor Pressure

3.11 Enthalpy of Vaporization

3.12 Enthalpy of Formation

3.13 Gibbs Energy of Formation

3.14 Solubility in Water Containing Salt

3.15 Solubility in Water as a Function of Temperature

3.16 Henry's Law Constant for Gases in Water

3.17 Solubility of Gases in Water

3.18 Solubility and Henry's Law Constant for Sulfur Compounds in Water

3.19 Solubility of Naphthenes in Water

3.19.1 Estimating Equation

3.20 Solubility and Henry's Law Constant for Nitrogen Compounds in Water

3.21 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquids

3.22 Volumetric Expansion Rate

3.23 Adsorption on Activated Carbon

3.24 Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities)

3.24.1 Liquid-Phase Diffusion Coefficient

3.24.2 Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients

3.25 Compressibility Z-Factor of Natural Gases

3.26 Generalized Compressibility Z-Factor

3.27 Gas Mixtures

3.28 Case Study 1: Greenhouse Gases and Rainwater [47]

3.29 Case Study 2: Redlich-Kwong Equation [47]

Nomenclature

4 - Fluid Flow

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Flow of Fluids in Pipes

4.3 Scope

4.4 Basis

4.5 Incompressible Flow

4.6 Compressible Flow: Vapors and Gases [4]

4.7 Important Pressure Level References

4.8 Factors of "Safety" for Design Basis

4.9 Pipe, Fittings, and Valves

4.10 Pipe

4.11 Usual Industry Pipe Size and Classes Practice

4.12 Back Ground Information (Also See Chapter 5 of Volume 1A)

4.13 Relationship Between the Pipe Diameter and Pressure Drop (DP)

4.14 Reynolds Number, Re (Sometimes Used NRe)

4.15 Pipe Relative Roughness

4.16 Darcy Friction Factor, fD

4.17 Friction Head Loss (Resistance) in Pipe, Fittings and Connections

4.18 Pressure Drop in Fittings, Valves, and Connections

4.19 Velocity and Velocity Head

4.20 Equivalent Lengths of Fittings.

References

5 - Pumping of Liquids

5.1 Pump Design Standardization

5.2 Basic Parts of a Centrifugal Pump

5.2.1 Impellers

5.2.2 Casing

5.2.3 Shaft

5.2.4 Bearings

5.2.5 Packing and Seals on Rotating Shaft

5.3 Centrifugal Pump Selection

5.3.1 Single-Stage (Single Impeller) Pumps

5.3.2 Pumps in Series

5.3.3 Pumps in Parallel

5.4 Hydraulic Characteristics for Centrifugal Pumps

5.4.1 Static Head

5.4.2 Pressure Head

5.4.3 Friction Losses Due to Flow

5.5 Suction Head or Suction Lift, hs

5.6 Discharge Head, hd

5.7 Velocity Head

5.8 Friction

5.9 NET Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

5.9.1 Pump Suction

5.10 General Suction System

5.11 Reductions in NPSHR

5.12 Charting NPSHR Values of Pumps

5.13 NET Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

5.14 NPSH Requirement for Liquids Saturation with Dissolved Gases

5.15 Specific Speed

5.16 Rotative Speed

5.17 Pumping Systems and Performance

5.18 Power Requirements for Pumping Through Process Lines

5.18.1 Hydraulic Power

5.18.2 Relations Between Head, Horsepower, Capacity, Speed

5.18.2.1 Brake Horsepower (BHP) Input at Pump

5.18.3 Driver Horsepower

5.19 Affinity Laws

5.20 Specific Speed Charts

5.21 Correction for Impeller Trim

5.22 Model Law

5.23 Factoring Law

5.23.1 Mechanical Considerations

5.23.2 Pump Liquid

5.23.3 System Considerations

5.24 Centrifugal Pump Efficiency

5.25 Effects of Viscosity

5.26 Temperature Rise and Minimum Flow

5.26.1 Temperature Rise in Average Pump During Operation [21]

5.26.2 Minimum Flow (Estimate) [21]

5.27 Centrifugal Pump Specifications

5.27.1 Steps in Pump Sizing

5.28 Number of Pumping Units

5.28.1 Fluid Conditions

5.28.2 System Conditions

5.28.3 Types of Pumps

5.28.4 Types of Drivers

5.28.5 Sump Design for Vertical Lift

5.29 Rotary Pumps.

5.29.1 Performance Characteristics of Rotary Pumps.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Part of the metadata in this record was created by AI, based on the text of the resource.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780323958240

0323958249