Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Incorporating Process Safety Incidents. Volume 1B / A. Kayode Coker.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Coker, A. Kayode, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chemical plants--Equipment and supplies.

Chemical plants.

Petroleum industry and trade--Equipment and supplies.

Petroleum industry and trade.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (978 pages)

Edition:

Fifth edition.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier Inc., [2024]

Summary:

Ludwig’s Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants is a comprehensive resource focused on the intricacies of process design within the chemical and petrochemical industries. Authored by A. Kayode Coker, the book serves as an essential guide for engineers and professionals involved in process planning, scheduling, and flowsheet design. It covers a wide range of topics, including process simulation, economic evaluation, and cost estimation. The text emphasizes the importance of safety and best practices, integrating process safety incidents to enhance the learning experience. This fifth edition is tailored for practitioners and researchers seeking to refine their skills in chemical engineering, ensuring they are equipped with the latest methodologies and technologies in the field. Generated by AI.

Contents:

Front Cover

Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Incorporating Process Safety Incidents

Copyright

In Loving Memory of My Parents

Contents

About the Author

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Acknowledgments

7 - Mixing of Liquids

7.1 Mixing Mechanisms

7.2 Mechanical Components

7.3 Impellers

7.3.1 General Types

7.4 Equipment for Agitation

7.5 Flow Patterns

7.6 Flow Visualization

7.7 Mixing Concepts, Theory, Fundamentals

7.8 Flow

7.8.1 Flow Number (Pumping Number)

7.9 Power

7.9.1 Similarity

7.10 High Viscosity Newtonian and Inelastic Non-Newtonian Systems

7.11 Scale of Agitation, SA

7.12 Mixing Time Correlation

7.13 Turbulent Regime

7.14 Transitional Regime

7.15 Use of the Design Correlation

7.16 Impeller Efficiency

7.17 Nonstandard Geometries: Aspect Ratios Greater Than One and Multiple Impellers

7.18 Other Degree of Homogeneity

7.19 Shaft

7.20 Drive and Gears

7.21 Steady Bearings

7.21.1 Materials of Construction

7.21.2 Design

7.21.3 Specifications

7.22 Draft Tubes

7.23 Entrainment

7.24 Scale-Up Problems

7.25 Batch or Continuous Mixing

7.25.1 Scale-Up and Interpretation

7.25.2 Mixing Time Scale-Up

7.26 Baffles

7.26.1 Impeller Location and Spacing: Top Center Entering

7.26.2 Process Results

7.27 Blending

7.28 Emulsions

7.29 Extraction

7.30 Gas-Liquid Contacting

7.31 Gas-Liquid Mixing or Dispersion

7.32 Gas, Liquid, Solid Mixing

7.33 Liquid-Solid Agitation

7.34 Miscellaneous Mixing Processes

7.35 Heat Transfer: Coils in Tank, Liquid Agitated

7.36 Effects of Viscosity on Process Fluid Heat Transfer

7.36.1 Film Coefficient.

7.36.2 Vertical Helical Coils, Multiple Coils [14]

7.36.3 Vertical Tubes [14]

7.36.4 Vertical Plate Coils

7.36.5 Jacket [14,62]

7.37 Heat Transfer Area

7.37.1 Design Application

7.38 In-Line Static or Motionless Mixing

7.38.1 Principles of Operation

7.38.2 Radial Mixing

7.38.3 Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop (Gas-Liquid) Estimation

7.38.3.1 Applications

7.38.4 Materials of Construction

7.38.5 Mixer Design and Solution

7.38.6 Pressure Drop

7.38.6.1 For Laminar Flow

7.38.6.2 For Turbulent Flow

7.38.7 Horsepower Requirement

7.39 Process Safety Incidents

7.39.1 Case Study 1

7.39.1.1 Process Safety Incident of a Mixing Incident at AB Specialty Silicones, LLC, Illinois, USA

7.39.1.2 Batch Process Description

7.39.1.3 Silicone Hydride Reactivity

7.39.1.4 Process Operation of EM 652

7.39.1.5 The Incident

7.39.1.6 Hazard Analysis Program

7.39.1.7 Storage of Chemicals

7.39.1.8 Batch Equipment Design

7.39.1.9 Chemical Reactivity Testing

7.39.1.10 Ventilation System Design

7.39.1.11 Double Initial Procedure Program

7.39.1.12 Cause

7.39.1.13 Recommendations

7.39.1.14 Environmental Proctection Agency (EPA)

7.39.1.14.1 2001-01-H-R3

7.39.1.15 Recommendation to AB Specialty Silicones, LCC

7.39.1.15.1 2019-03-I-IL-R1

7.39.1.15.2 2019-03-I-IL-R2

7.39.1.15.3 2019-03-I-IL-R3

7.39.1.16 Key Lessons for the Industry

7.39.2 Case Study 2

7.39.2.1 Workers Killed from a Rapid Chemical Reaction

7.39.2.2 Root Causes

7.40 Practical Aspect of Mixing Safety: Incomplete Mixing

Nomenclature

Websites

References

Further Reading

8 - Ejectors and Mechanical Systems

8.1 Ejectors

8.2 Vacuum Safety

8.3 Typical Range Performance of Vacuum Producers

8.3.1 Mechanism of Operation

8.4 Pressure and Velocity Profiles of an Ejector

8.5 Features.

8.6 Types

8.7 Compression Ratio

8.8 JET Discharge Pressure

8.9 Seal Leg Design

8.10 Design of Seal Drums

8.11 Materials of Construction

8.12 Vacuum Range Guide

8.13 Pressure Terminology

8.14 Pressure Drop at Low Absolute Pressures

8.15 Performance Factors

8.15.1 Steam Pressure

8.15.2 Effect of Wet Steam

8.15.3 Effect of Superheated Steam

8.15.4 Suction Pressure

8.15.5 Discharge Pressure

8.15.6 Capacity

8.16 Types of Loads

8.16.1 Air Plus Water Vapor Mixtures

8.16.2 Steam and Air Mixture Temperature

8.16.3 Total Weight of a Saturated Mixture of Two Vapors: One Being Condensable

8.16.4 Non-Condensables Plus Process Vapor Mixture

8.16.5 Non-Condensables Plus Water Vapor Mixture

8.16.6 Air-Water Vapor Mixture Percent Curves

8.16.7 Total Volume of a Mixture

8.16.8 Air Inleakage into System

8.16.9 Dissolved Gases Released from Water

8.16.10 Acceptable Air Inleakage Rates [1]

8.16.11 Total Capacity at Ejector Suction

8.16.12 Capacities of Ejector in Multistage System

8.16.13 Booster Ejector

8.16.14 Evacuation Ejector

8.17 Load Variation

8.18 Steam and Water Requirements

8.19 Ejector System Specifications

8.20 Ejector Selection Procedure

8.20.1 Barometric Condensers

8.20.2 Temperature Approach

8.21 Water Jet Ejectors

8.22 Steam Jet Thermocompressors

8.23 Entrainment Efficiency

8.24 Ejector Control

8.25 Control of Vacuum Systems

8.26 Suction Throttling

8.27 Load Gas

8.28 Combination Suction Throttling and Load Gas

8.29 Time Required for System Evacuation

8.30 Alternate Pumpdown to a Vacuum Using a Mechanical Pump

8.31 Evaluation with Steam Jets

8.31.1 Rough Estimate of System Pumpdown Using Steam Jets [1]

8.32 Troubleshooting of Steam Jet Ejectors

8.32.1 External Causes of Troubleshooting Ejectors.

8.32.2 Internal Causes of Troubleshooting Ejectors

8.33 Costs of Vacuum Systems

8.34 Liquid-Ring Pumps

8.35 Comparisons

8.36 Energy Conservation

8.37 Mechanical Vacuum Pumps

8.38 Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps/Compressor

8.38.1 How It Works: Typical of This Class of Pump (By Permission of [26])

8.39 Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps

8.40 Rotary Blowers or Rotary Lobe-Type Blowers

8.41 Rotary Piston Pumps

8.42 Vacuum Equipment Considerations

8.43 Vacuum Relief Devices

8.44 Applications of Ejectors

8.44.1 A Case Study [32]

9. Pressure-Relieving Devices and Process Safety Incidents

9.1 Types of Positive Pressure-Relieving Devices (See Manufacturers' Catalogs for Design Details)

9.2 Types of Valves/Relief Devices

9.2.1 Conventional Safety Relief Valve

9.2.2 Balanced Safety Relief Valve

9.2.3 Special Valves

9.2.4 Rupture Disk

9.3 Materials of Construction

9.3.1 Safety and Relief Valves

Pressure-Vacuum Relief Values

9.3.2 Rupture Disks

9.4 General Code Requirements [1]

9.5 Relief Mechanisms

9.5.1 Reclosing Devices, Spring Loaded

9.5.2 Non-Reclosing Pressure Relieving Devices

9.6 Pressure Settings and Design Basis

9.7 Unfired Pressure Vessels Only, But Not Fired or Unfired Steam Boilers

9.7.1 Non-Fire Exposure

9.7.2 External Fire or Heat Exposure Only and Process Relief

9.8 Relieving Capacity of Combinations of Safety Relief Valves and Rupture Disks or Non-reclosure Devices (Reference ASME Code, ...

9.8.1 Primary Relief

9.8.2 Selected Portions of ASME Pressure Vessel Code (Quoted by Permission [1])

9.8.3 Footnotes to ASME Code

9.9 Establishing Relieving or Set Pressures

9.9.1 Safety and Safety Relief Valves for Steam Service

9.10 Selection and Application

9.10.1 Cause of System Overpressure.

9.11 Capacity Requirements Evaluation for Process Operation (Non-fire)

9.11.1 Installation

9.12 Piping Design

9.12.1 Pressure Drop

9.12.2 Line Sizing

9.13 Selection Features: Safety, Safety Relief Valves, and Rupture Disks

9.14 Calculations of Relieving Areas: Safety and Relief Valves

9.15 Standard Pressure Relief Valves-Relief Area Discharge Openings

9.16 Sizing Safety Relief Type Devices for Required Flow Area at Time of Relief

9.17 Effects of Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Mixture on Relief Valve Capacity

9.18 Sizing for Gases, Vapors or Liquids for Conventional Valves with Constant Backpressure Only

9.18.1 Procedure

9.18.2 Establish Critical Flow for Gases and Vapors

9.19 Orifice Area Calculations [45]

9.20 Sizing Valves for Liquid Relief: Pressure Relief Valves Requiring Capacity Certification [5d]

9.21 Sizing Valves for Liquid Relief: Pressure-Relief Valves not Requiring Capacity Certification [5d]

9.22 Reaction Forces

9.23 Calculations of Orifice Flow Area Using Pressure Relieving Balanced Bellows Valves, with Variable or Constant Back Pressure

9.23.1 For Vapors or Gases, lb/h

9.23.2 For Vapors or Gases, scfm

9.23.3 For Steam, lb/h

9.23.4 For Air, scfm

9.23.5 For Liquids, GPM

ASME Code Valve

9.23.6 For Liquids, GPM, Non-ASME Code Valve

9.24 Sizing Valves for Liquid Expansion (Hydraulic Expansion of Liquid Filled Systems/Equipment/Piping)

9.25 Sizing Valves for Subcritical Flow: Gas or Vapor But Not Steam [5d]

9.26 Emergency Pressure Relief: Fires and Explosions Rupture Disks

9.27 External Fires

9.28 Set Pressures for External Fires

9.29 Heat Absorbed

9.29.1 The Severe Case

9.30 Surface Area Exposed to Fire

9.31 Relief Capacity for Fire Exposure

9.32 Code Requirements for External Fire Conditions

9.33 Design Procedure.

9.34 Pressure Relief Valve Orifice Areas on Vessels Containing Only Gas, Unwetted Surface.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Part of the metadata in this record was created by AI, based on the text of the resource.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780443301155

0443301158