Photochemical reactors : theory, methods, and ultraviolet radiation applications / Ernest R Blatchley.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Blatchley, Ernest R., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Ultraviolet radiation.

Photochemistry.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (604 pages)

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, [2022]

Summary:

"This book provides a comprehensive presentation of theory, methods, and contemporary and emerging applications of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The first four chapters of the book provide fundamental information regarding the history and laws of photochemistry and photochemical reactions, the dynamic behavior of UV-based reactor systems, and the physical concepts that govern natural and man-made source of UV radiation. Chapters 5-8 address numerical and empirical methods that are used to evaluate photochemical kinetics, photobiological kinetics, and the dynamics of UV photoreactors. The remaining chapters address common and emerging applications of UV radiation, including disinfection of water and wastewater, UV-induced transformation processes (direct photolysis, advanced oxidation processes, and advanced reduction processes), as well as disinfection of air and surfaces."-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

About the Companion Website

Chapter 1 Background and History

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Early Applications, Discoveries

1.3 Development of Modern Principles of Photochemistry

1.4 Laws of Photochemistry: People and Personalities

1.4.1 Grotthuss-Draper Law: First Law of Photochemistry

1.4.2 Stark-Einstein Law: Second Law of Photochemistry

1.4.3 Bunsen-Roscoe Law: The Law of Reciprocity

1.5 Natural Photochemical Processes

1.6 Atmospheric Chemistry

1.7 Early Discoveries and Applications

1.7.1 Photography

1.7.2 Disinfection Science

1.7.3 Engineering Applications of UV Radiation in Drinking Water Disinfection

1.7.4 Engineering Applications of UV Radiation in Disinfection of Municipal Wastewater

1.8 Contemporary Applications

1.8.1 Disinfection of Water

1.8.2 Direct Photolysis in Water Treatment

1.8.3 Disinfection of Air (UVGI) and Surfaces

1.9 Market Size and Growth

1.10 Objectives for Book

1.11 Approaches Used in Book

Notes

References

Chapter 2 Photochemical Reactions

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Laws of Photochemistry

2.3 Energy in Photochemical Processes

2.4 Kinetics

2.4.1 Kinetics of Thermal Chemical Reactions

2.4.2 Kinetics of Photochemical Reactions: Monochromatic Radiation Source, Electromagnetic Energy Basis

2.4.2.1 Limiting Case 1: Opaque Solution

2.4.2.2 Limiting Case 2: Transparent Solution

2.4.2.3 Kinetics of Photochemical Reactions: Photon Basis

2.4.2.4 Limiting Case 1: Opaque Solution

2.4.2.5 Limiting Case 2: Transparent Solution

2.5 Summary of Expressions to Describe Photochemical Kinetics: Monochromatic Radiation Sources

2.5.1 Kinetics of Photochemical Reactions: Polychromatic Radiation Source, Photon Basis

2.6 Summary

References.

Chapter 3 Photochemical Reactor Theory

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic Principles of Material (Molar or Mass) Balance

3.3 Basic Chemical Reactor Models

3.3.1 Batch Reactor Model

3.3.2 Ideal Continuous-Flow Stirred Tank Reactor Model (CFSTR)

3.3.3 Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor Model (PFR)

3.3.4 CFSTR Cascade Model

3.3.5 Effects of Mixing on Performance in Chemical Reactors - Material Balance Approach

3.3.6 Time as a Master Variable - Residence Time Distribution Function

3.3.7 Effects of Mixing on Performance in Chemical Reactors - Segregated-Flow Model

3.4 Models for Photochemical Reactors

3.4.1 Dose as the Independent (Master) Variable

3.4.2 Batch Reactor

3.4.3 Fluence Rate Fields in Photoreactors

3.4.4 Effects of Mixing on Performance of UV Photoreactors

3.4.5 Prediction of Performance in Photochemical Reactors - Segregated-Flow Model

3.5 Executable Model

3.6 Summary

Appendix 3.A Derivation of Relationship to Describe Transient (Start-up) Behavior in an Ideal CFSTR

Appendix 3.B Derivation of Normalized Residence Time Distribution Functions for CFSTR Cascade Systems

3.B.1 Single CFSTR

3.B.2 Cascade of Two Identical CFSTRs

3.B.3 Cascade of Three Identical CFSTRs

3.B.4 Generalization of Results to a Cascade of n CFSTRs in Series

Appendix 3.C Proof of Segregated-flow Model Based on Probability Theory

Chapter 4 Ultraviolet Radiation Sources

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Incandescence

4.3 Solar Radiation

4.4 Artificial Sources of UV Radiation

4.4.1 Gas Discharge Lamps: Mercury Lamps

4.4.2 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

4.4.3 Excimer Lamps

4.4.4 Lasers

4.4.5 Upconversion

4.5 Summary

Chapter 5 Actinometry and Radiometry

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Chemical Actinometry

5.2.1 Beam Nonuniformity.

5.2.2 Reflection and Refraction

5.2.3 Absorption

5.2.4 Divergence

5.2.5 Absorption by Photoproducts

5.2.6 Extent of Absorption by Chemical Actinometer

5.2.7 Polychromatic Behavior

5.2.8 Alternative Bench-Scale Reactors for Use With Chemical Actinometers

5.2.8.1 Rate of Photon Application per Unit Volume of Solution: Ei A

5.2.8.2 Effective Path Length: l

5.2.9 Chemical Actinometers Used With UV Photoreactors

5.2.9.1 Uranyl Oxalate

5.2.9.2 Potassium Ferrioxalate

5.2.9.3 Iodide/Iodate

5.2.9.4 2-Nitrobezaldehyde

5.2.9.5 Nucleoside Actinometers

5.3 Radiometry

5.3.1 Absolute Cryogenic Radiometer (ACR)

5.3.2 Thermopile

5.3.3 Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)

5.3.4 Si Photodiode

5.3.5 Spectroradiometer

5.3.6 Micro Fluorescent Silica Detector (MFSD)

5.4 Summary

Chapter 6 Numerical Models for Simulation of Photochemical Reactor Behavior

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Fluence Rate (E') Field Models

6.2.1 Photon Emission Sub-Models

6.2.2 Sub-Models to Account for Optical Behavior

6.2.2.1 Reflection and Refraction

6.2.2.2 Divergence/Dissipation

6.2.2.3 Combination of Absorption (Beer-Lambert Law) and Reflection

6.2.3 Fluence Rate Field Models

6.2.3.1 Point-Source Summation/Line-Source Integration (PSS/LSI)

6.2.3.2 Multiple Segment Source Summation (MSSS)

6.2.3.3 Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE)

6.2.3.4 Surface Power Apportionment for Cylindrical Excimer Lamps (SPACE)

6.2.3.5 Ray Tracing

6.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

6.3.1 Governing Equations: Fluid Mechanics

6.3.1.1 Gravity

6.3.1.2 Differential Pressure

6.3.1.3 Shear Stress

6.3.2 Index (Tensor) Notation

6.3.3 Governing Equations: Transport of Reactants

6.3.4 Simulations for Systems Operating in the Turbulent Regime.

6.3.5 Accuracy of Turbulence Models for Flow Field Simulations

6.3.5.1 Open-Channel UV Photoreactor

Vertical Lamp Orientation

6.3.5.2 Closed, Single-Lamp, Annular Reactors

6.3.5.3 Closed-Vessel, Cross-Flow, Four-Lamp Reactor

6.3.5.4 Reactors with Internal Baffles

6.3.6 Process Simulations by CFD-E' Field Modeling

6.3.7 Selection of Sub-Models

6.3.7.1 Reaction Kinetics Sub-Model

6.3.7.2 Fluence Rate Field Sub-Model

6.3.7.3 CFD Sub-Model

6.3.7.4 General Factors to Consider in Sub-Model Selection

6.4 Summary

Appendix 6.A PSS Model Implementation in Spreadsheet Format

Simulation of Fluence Rate Field in Cylindrical Lamp Reactor

Simulation of Fluence Rate Field in Flat-Screen Reactor

Interpretation of Simulation Results

Chapter 7 Validation of Photochemical Reactors

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Biodosimetry

7.3 Mathematical Descriptions of UV Photoreactor Validation by Biodosimetry

7.3.1 Gaussian Dose Distribution, First-Order Kinetics

7.3.2 Simulated Dose Distributions, First-Order Kinetics

7.3.3 Biodosimetry Experiment

7.3.4 Challenge Organisms Commonly Used in Biodosimetry

7.3.5 Effects of Variability in Challenge Organism Dose-Response Behavior on Biodosimetry

7.3.6 Use of Chemical Actinometers for Reactor Validation

7.3.7 Lagrangian Actinometry

7.3.8 Convolution Hypothesis - Theoretical Background

7.3.9 Convolution Hypothesis - Experimental Verification

7.3.10 Application of LA

7.3.11 Microsphere Dose-Response Behavior

7.3.12 Reactor Testing

7.3.13 Integration of MFSD and CFD-E' Simulations

7.4 UV Photoreactor Validation Protocols

7.4.1 Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual for the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (UVDGM)

7.4.2 Österreichisches Normungsinstitut (ÖNORM).

7.4.3 Deutsche Vereinigung des Gas- und Wasserfaches (DVGW)

7.4.4 National Water Research Institute (NWRI)

7.4.5 NSF/ANSI

7.5 Summary

Appendix 7.A Description of the Error Function and Its Complement

Chapter 8 Methods for Quantification of Microbial Responses to UVC Irradiation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Mechanisms of Microbial Inactivation Resulting from UVC Irradiation

8.3 Reproductive Cycles of Common Microbial Groups

8.3.1 Bacterial Reproduction

8.3.2 Replication of Viruses

8.3.3 Life Cycle of Protozoa

8.3.4 Reproduction of Algae

8.4 Lessons Learned from use of Inappropriate Methods

8.4.1 Protozoan Parasites

8.4.2 Fish Parasites

8.4.3 Algae

8.4.4 Viruses

8.5 Quantification of Viable Microorganisms with UV Disinfection Systems

8.5.1 Bacteria

8.5.1.1 MPN-DCM

8.5.1.2 Membrane Filtration

8.5.1.3 Compartment Bag Test

8.5.2 Viruses

8.5.2.1 Plaque Formation

8.5.2.2 Cytopathic Effect (CPE)

8.5.3 Protozoa

8.5.3.1 Animal Infection

8.5.3.2 Cell Culture

8.5.4 Algae

8.6 Molecular Biology

8.6.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction and Related Methods

8.6.1.1 Integrated Cell Culture/PCR

8.6.1.2 Long Amplicon q-PCR

8.6.1.3 Molecular Viability Testing

8.6.1.4 Intercalating Dyes/PCR

8.7 Summary

Chapter 9 UV Disinfection of Drinking Water and Municipal Wastewater

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Primary vs. Secondary Disinfection

9.3 Motivations for Use of UV-Based Disinfection

9.4 Traditional View of Drinking Water and Municipal Wastewater as Separate Domains

9.4.1 Differences Between Water and Wastewater Disinfection

9.5 Disinfection Kinetics

9.5.1 Mathematical Models of UV Disinfection Kinetics

9.5.1.1 Single-Event Model

9.5.1.2 Series-Event Model

9.5.1.3 Multi-Target Model

9.5.1.4 Two-Population Models.

9.6 Microbial Repair Processes.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Other Format:

Print version: Blatchley, Ernest R., III Photochemical Reactors

ISBN:

9781119871606

1119871603

9781119871354

1119871352

9781119871347

1119871344