Handbook of Essential Keywords for Understanding Rural China.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Jinhai, Liu.

Series:

Social Sciences Series

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1081 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Singapore : Springer, 2025.

Summary:

Based on sociolinguistic analysis methods, theoretical analysis or empirical research was conducted on 39 keywords related to rural reform, peasant behaviour and peasant politics in China since the founding of the People's Republic of China.The research content covers the period from 1949 to the first decade of the twenty-first century.

Contents:

Intro

Preface

Contents

About the Editor

Contributors

1 Introduction: Keywords of Rural China

1 Stages of China Contemporary Rural Development

2 Sorting Out Policy Discourse and Keywords

3 Research Perspectives and Main Contents

2 Work Team: Special Organization in Contemporary Rural China

1 Origin and History

2 Formation, Scale, and Selection of Personnel

2.1 Formation of Work Teams

2.2 Scale of Work Teams

2.3 Selection of Personnel

2.3.1 The Selection of the Work Team Leader

2.3.2 The Selection of General Team Members

3 Work Content and Object

3.1 Work Content

3.2 Work Object

4 Specificity and Historical Role

4.1 Specificity of the Work Organization

4.2 Specificity of the Work Method

4.3 Historical Role of the Work Team

3 Class Identity: Construction of Farmer Status and Reconstruction of Rural Order

1 Why Determine and Classify?

2 How to Classify?

3 What Are the Identities?

3.1 Poor and Lower-Middle-Class Farmers

3.2 Middle-Class Farmers

3.3 Four Types of Hostile Elements

4 Historical Mission and Comments

4 FANSHEN (Turning-Over): Reshaping of Rural Order in Land Reform

1 Prelude

2 How Should Individuals FANSHEN?

2.1 Economic FANSHEN: Distribution of Fruits

2.2 Ideological FANSHEN: Complaining Hardships and Accounting

2.2.1 Complaining Hardships: Moving with Emotion

2.2.2 Accounting: Enlightening with Reason

3 Excessive ``FANSHEN´´

3.1 Frenzied Attack

3.1.1 ``Cutting Off the Feudal Tail´´ and ``Beating the Drowning Dog´´

3.1.2 Irrational Struggle Behavior of Farmers

3.2 Excessive Political Mobilization

4 The ``Post-FANSHEN´´ Era

5 Conclusion

5 Administrative Village: Nationalization Governance of Rural Society

1 ``Village´´ and the Village System

2 The Administrative Nature of Village Governance.

2.1 Local Autonomy in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China Period

2.2 Rural Organization Construction Under the Leadership of the Communist Party of China

2.2.1 Farmer Associations

2.2.2 Village Soviets

2.2.3 Village Offices

2.2.4 Administrative Villages

2.3 Administrative Village: The Preliminary Nationalization of Rural Governance

3 Changes in the Administrative Village

3.1 Changes in Governance Entities

3.1.1 Production Brigade Period

3.1.2 The Villagers´ Committee Period

3.2 Changes in Governance Functions

4 Three Perspectives

4.1 Revolutionary Perspective

4.2 Perspective of Modern-State Construction

4.3 Democratic Perspective

6 Mutual Aid Groups: From Civilian Behavior to Governmental Organization

1 How Does Mutual Aid Become a ``Group´´?

1.1 Motivation

1.1.1 Traditional Labor Exchange Groups: ``Labor Exchange Came First´´

1.1.2 Forming a Group Due to Poverty: ``All Are Old, Weak, Sick, Disabled, and Young´´

1.1.3 Mobilization to Form a Group: ``The Policy Is Here, Who Dares Not to Listen´´

1.2 Standards and Scale

1.2.1 Geographical Proximity: ``Living Close, Good to Call for Work´´

1.2.2 By Kinship: ``Each Good Person Has Their Own Group´´

1.2.3 Administrative Order: ``One Wan (Group), Cut from the Middle´´

1.3 Individual Farmers Outside the Mutual Aid Group

1.3.1 Middle-Class Farmers Who Do Not Need Mutual Aid

1.3.2 The ``Cowboy´´ Who Was Excluded from the Mutual Aid Group

1.3.3 Landlords Who Are Not Allowed to Participate in Mutual Aid Group

2 How Can We Help Each Other?

2.1 Labor Arrangement

2.1.1 Work Arrangement: ``Self-Appointment´´ and ``Group Leader Assignment´´

2.1.2 Going to Work: ``The Team Leader Waits on the Hillside as Soon as It Starts to Dawn´´

2.1.3 Working: ``You Chase the Setting Sun

I Chase the Dawn´´.

2.1.4 Finishing Work: ``Working Together But Eating at Home´´

2.2 Rules for the Exchange of Labor and Tools

2.2.1 Distinction of Labor Quality: ``Human Labor and Cattle Labor Are the Same´´

2.2.2 Labor Statistics: ``Group Leader and Group Members Keep Separate Accounts´´

2.2.3 Balance of Labor Mutual Aid: ``Pay Back the Owed Labor with Money or Grain´´

2.3 Maintenance of Mutual Aid Order

2.3.1 Self-Consciousness: The ``Heart of Mutual Aid´´ that Respects Each Other

2.3.2 Acquaintance Supervision: Regular Meetings to ``Discuss Openly´´ Conflicting Opinions

2.3.3 Organizational Punishment

3 Transformation of Mutual Aid Groups

3.1 Transition to the Cooperative

3.2 Attitude of the Farmers

3.2.1 Supporters: ``The More Organized, the More Developed´´

3.2.2 Helplessness: ``If You Do Not Participate, You Will Not Be Given Land to Cultivate´´

3.2.3 Confusion: ``Who Knows Which Is Better? Anyway, It´s All the Policies from Above´´

4 Historical Achievements

7 Production Cooperatives: Organization of Farmers´ Collectivization

2 The ``Cooperatives´´ Came to the Village

2.1 Control Production and Complete Planned Procurement

2.2 The Enthusiasm of Poor Farmers and the Hesitation of Middle-Class Farmers

2.3 The Group Leader Becomes the Head of the Cooperative

3 The Primary Cooperative

3.1 One Head of the Cooperative Walks in Front

Four Team Leaders Follow

3.2 After the Land Was Handed Over to the Cooperative, Both Men and Women Had to Work with the Team Leader

3.3 Why Did Those Who Did Less Work Not Get Fewer Work Points, and Why Did Those with More Land Get More Grain?

4 The Advanced Cooperative

4.1 Strangers Came to the Cooperative

4.2 After Handing Over Cows and Sheep, Only Pots and Beds Were Left at Home.

4.3 Work at the Sound of the Bell, No Matter How Much Or How Little You Do

5 Quietly Reform

6 Conclusion

6.1 A Model of a Production Cooperative

6.2 An Unfinished Story

8 Supply and Marketing Cooperatives: Nationalization of Agricultural and Industrial Product Transactions

1 How Was It Formed?

2 Organization, Composition, and Functions

2.1 Organizational Structure

2.2 Internal Relations

2.3 Two Major Functions

3 How to ``Supply´´ and ``Sell´´?

3.1 How to ``Supply´´?

3.1.1 Means of Production

3.1.2 Living Materials

3.2 How to ``Sell´´?

3.2.1 Replace ``Assisting in Sales´´ with ``Ordering´´

3.2.2 The Scope of Ordering Continued to Expand

3.3 The Balance Between ``Supply´´ and ``Sale´´

3.3.1 Living Materials: Preferential Prices

3.3.2 Agricultural and Sideline Products: Negotiated Purchase and Sale

3.3.3 Cash Crops: Autonomous Pricing Replaces Planned Prices

4 How to Cooperate?

4.1 Cooperation Foundation: Production Materials

4.2 Cooperation Method: Contract

4.3 Cooperation Content: Production Plan and Business Plan

4.4 Cooperation and Interaction

4.4.1 Quantity Determined by Population

4.4.2 Supply Range

5 Dissolution and Conclusion

5.1 Top-Down Reform

5.1.1 Adjusting the Varieties and Quantities of Unified Purchases and Procurement and Expand Negotiated Purchases

5.1.2 Allowing Private Operations to Intervene, Expanding Purchasing and Selling Channels

5.2 The Dissolution of Grassroots Supply and Marketing Cooperatives

9 Production Brigade: Rural Grassroots Organization Under the People´s Commune

1 What Is a Production Brigade?

2 Origin

3 Composition

3.1 ``Mainstream´´: Brigade Cadres

3.2 ``Branch´´: Production Team

3.3 ``Leaves´´: Members

4 Roles and Responsibilities

4.1 Rural ``Managers´´.

4.1.1 Agricultural Production: Planning and Guidance

4.1.2 Farmland Water Conservancy Construction: Organizing Members to Work

4.1.3 Income Distribution: Planning, Summarizing, and Registration

4.2 The ``Supervisor´´ of the Procurement Task

4.2.1 Task Assignment: The Brigade Conveys, the Production Team Arranges

4.2.2 Grain Handover: The Brigade Urges, the Members Hand Over Themselves

4.3 Constraints and Guidance Under Political Movements

4.3.1 The Arrival of the Work Team

4.3.2 Management of Members

4.3.3 Advocate Verbal Struggle, not Physical Struggle

5 Conclusion and Impact

10 Commune-Run Enterprises: Extension of National Development Logic in Rural Areas

1 ``Craze´´ of Commune Industrialization

2 ``Decline´´

3 ``Revival´´

4 Rising Again

11 Militia: Study on the Integration of ``People´´ and ``Soldiers´´

1 Establishing Large Militia Divisions

2 Organizational Structure

2.1 The Leadership Team

2.2 Organizational Method

2.3 Militia Equipment

2.4 Militia Reorganization

3 Incorporating Soldiers into the Civilian Population

3.1 Militia Training

3.1.1 Military Guidance

3.1.2 Training Methods

3.1.3 Military Training

3.2 Militia Education

3.2.1 Political Education

3.2.2 Health Education

3.2.3 Frostbite Prevention Education

3.2.4 Class Struggle

4 Civilians in the Army

4.1 Public Security Work

4.2 Dam Repair and Emergency Response

4.2.1 Dam Repair on the Beiliao River

4.2.2 Emergency Rescue at Liujiaguanzi Town

4.3 Mediation of Conflicts

5 ``Merits´´ and ``Demerits´´

12 The Poor and Lower-Middle Peasants´ Association: Policy Orientation and Local Practice

1 Emergence and Establishment

2 Development Toward Farmers´ Association

3 The Establishment and Abolition of Farmers´ Association.

4 Historical Perspective: Past and Present.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9789819794621

9819794625

OCLC:

1482824981