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Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular-Renal-Metabolic Physiology and Pathophysiology : Sex, Gender and Function / Jane Reckelhoff, Licy L. Yanes Cardozo, and Noha Shawky, editors.
- Format:
- Book
- Series:
- Fundamentals of Physiology Series
- Language:
- English
- Subjects (All):
- Cardiovascular system.
- Human physiology.
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource (314 pages)
- Edition:
- First edition.
- Place of Publication:
- London, England : Academic Press, [2025]
- Summary:
- Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular-Renal-Metabolic Physiology and Pathophysiology: Sex, Gender and Function, the latest release in the Fundamentals of Physiology series, provides a fundamental overview on sex and gender differences in all aspects of physiology.
- Contents:
- Front Cover
- SEX AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CARDIOVASCULAR-RENAL-METABOLIC PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Editorial advisory board
- Copyright
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- References
- 1 - Sex differences in cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic responses to androgens
- Androgen biosynthesis, actions, and quantification
- Androgen excess in women
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- PCOS diagnosis
- Androgen excess and cardiovascular diseases in women
- The adipose tissue is a key organ that mediates sex differences in cardiometabolic diseases
- The interplay between androgens and adipose tissue
- Cardiometabolic complications caused by an excess of androgens in female rodents
- Androgen excess and blood pressure regulation
- Mechanisms implicated in androgen-mediated increases in blood pressure: The renin-angiotensin system
- Insulin resistance and androgens
- Mechanisms mediating insulin resistance in androgen excess
- Adiponectin
- Leptin
- β-cell dysfunction
- Endogenous opioid signaling
- Oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation
- Other conditions associated with elevated androgen levels in women
- Androgen deficits in women
- Cardiometabolic management in PCOS
- Lifestyle interventions
- Insulin sensitizers
- Antiandrogens
- Myo-inositol
- Androgens in men and transmen
- Estrogen production and action
- Conclusions
- Funding
- 2 - Long-term cardiovascular adaptations in women and her offspring following a pregnancy complicated by preeclamps ...
- Introduction
- Physiological adaptations during pregnancy
- Cardiovascular risk during pregnancy: Introduction to preeclampsia
- Risk factors for preeclampsia
- Etiology of preeclampsia.
- Long-term cardiovascular adaptations and risk: Maternal outcomes
- Clinical studies
- Preclinical studies
- Summary and perspectives
- Long-term cardiovascular adaptations and risk: Offspring
- Maternal interventions
- Author contributions
- 3 - Cardiovascular consequences in offspring of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Does sex matter?
- Intrauterine environment in PCOS pregnancies
- Birth weight in PCOS offspring. Is it a risk factor for later CVD?
- PCOS and lactation
- Animal models of hyperandrogenemic intrauterine environment
- Considerations for studying the impact of maternal PCOS on offspring health using experimental models
- Do experimental models of maternal PCOS also have abnormal birth weight offspring?
- Cardiovascular diseases in PCOS daughters and sons
- Mechanisms for increased BP in animal models of female offspring exposed to in-utero hyperandrogenemia
- Mechanisms for increased BP in animal models of male offspring exposed to in-utero hyperandrogenemia
- Conclusion
- 4 - Physiology of exercise at environmental extremes: Sex as a biological variable
- Physiological responses to environmental heat and cold stress
- Sex differences in physiological and pathophysiological responses to environmental heat stress
- Physiological responses to cold exposure
- Behavioral responses to cold exposure
- Sex differences in physiological and pathophysiological responses to cold exposure
- Peripheral vascular responses to cold exposure
- Biophysical/anthropometric aspects of thermoregulation
- Metabolic responses to cold exposure
- Nonshivering thermogenesis - brown adipose tissue.
- Nonshivering thermogenesis - skeletal muscle
- Thermal behavior
- Pathophysiology and cold injury
- Sex differences in the pathophysiology of cold injury
- Physiological responses and adaptations to high terrestrial altitude
- Sex differences in physiological and pathophysiological responses to altitude exposure
- Ventilatory responses
- Cardiovascular and exercise performance
- Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythropoiesis
- Sympathoadrenal responses
- Acute mountain sickness and altitude pathophysiology
- Overall summary &
- conclusions
- Disclaimer
- Further reading
- 5 - Dietary sodium, mineralocorticoid receptor, and sex differences in endothelial function
- Abbreviations
- Sex discrepancy in salt sensitivity, clinical and interventional studies
- Impaired renal function and salt handling: Predominance in males
- Vaso-dysfunction theory: Predominance in females
- Sex-specific vascular endothelial dysfunction &
- female prevalence of endothelial MR expression
- 6 - Sex differences in the cardiometabolic consequences of maternal weight loss in the offspring
- Scientific pregnancy investigations
- Sex as a biological variable
- Models of diet induced obesity
- Early intervention of maternal weight loss
- Offspring outcomes from adverse pregnancies
- Effect of maternal weight loss in a sex-dependent manner
- Rodent models of maternal cardiometabolic disease and offspring outcomes
- Pregnancy and offspring microbiome
- Microbial changes with maternal weight loss and effects on cardiometabolic disease
- 7 - Sex differences in relaxin responses in adults and with aging
- Expression of RLN family peptide receptors
- RLN signal transduction pathways
- RLN and tissue fibrosis.
- Stimulation of NO production
- Inhibition of TGF-beta 1 signaling
- Upregulation of MMPs
- RLN and vasodilation
- Vasodilatory action of RLN in animal models of disease
- The vasodilatory actions of RLN directly affect renal function
- Interaction between estrogen, RLN and the RAS
- RLN and the AT2R in females
- Reinstating the RLN-RXFP1-AT2R axis in aged, hypertensive female rats
- Serelaxin clinical trials for heart failure
- Development of RLN mimetics
- Summary
- 8 - Sex-biased mechanisms of metabolic syndrome-induced cardiovascular and retinal complications
- Metabolic syndrome
- Definition and prevalence
- Risk factors
- Pathophysiology
- Insulin resistance
- Chronic inflammation
- Oxidative stress
- Sex-biased mechanisms of MetS
- Sex-biased mechanisms in MetS-induced cardiovascular complications
- Sex-biased mechanisms in MetS-induced retinal complications
- 9 - Cardiovascular consequences of androgen gender affirming therapy in transmasculine individuals
- Highlighting the concern
- Quick definitions of terms
- Pharmacological use of androgens in people assigned female at birth (AFAB)
- Testosterone in gender-affirming hormone therapy (testo-GAHT)
- Cardiovascular effects of testo-GAHT
- Cardiovascular risk markers
- Blood pressure
- Changes in lipid metabolism
- Immunological components and hematological parameters
- End-organ damage
- Cardiovascular outcomes
- Potential mechanisms involved in the harmful cardiovascular effects induced by testo-GAHT
- Direct mechanisms whereby testosterone produces cardiovascular damage/dysfunction
- Effects on the heart
- Effects on the vasculature
- Indirect mechanisms whereby testosterone impacts cardiovascular performance
- Activation of the central and sympathetic nervous system
- Oxidative stress.
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- Immune mechanisms
- Lipid metabolism
- Research challenges on the impact of testo-GAHT in the cardiovascular system
- Final remarks and future directions
- 10 - Sex differences in stroke
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Risk factors of stroke
- Age
- Atrial fibrillation
- Sex-specific risk factors
- Pregnancy
- Oral contraceptive and hormone therapy in menopause
- Nonhormonal biological intrinsic sex differences
- Acute stroke management
- Symptoms
- Stroke severity
- Intravenous thrombolysis
- Endovascular thrombectomy
- Treatment of carotid artery stenosis
- Postacute stroke management
- Secondary prevention
- Rehabilitation
- Stroke outcome
- Disparity in clinical trials and the academic field
- Acknowledgments
- 11 - Cardiovascular diseases in menopause
- Physiopatology mechanisms in menopause
- Factors contributing to hypertension in postmenopausic women
- Hypertension and cardiovascular disease in menopause
- Treatment
- Coronary heart disease and CV risk in women
- Dyslipidemias and women
- 12 - Androgens and acid-base homeostasis
- Renal ammonia metabolism overview
- Sex differences in renal ammonia metabolism
- Sexual dimorphisms in the response to acid challenges
- Testosterone alters renal ammonia metabolism
- Renal androgen receptor localization
- Role of the androgen receptor in renal ammonia metabolism
- Renal structure sexual dimorphisms and the role of androgens
- What is still needed in the field
- 13 - Sex differences in hypertension
- Hypertension is age- and sex-dependent
- Age of onset
- Higher CVD risk at lower blood pressure thresholds
- Differences in awareness.
- Sex-specific risk factors for hypertension.
- Notes:
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.
- Description based on print version record.
- ISBN:
- 9780443222672
- 0443222673
- OCLC:
- 1477219270
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