Neuropsychiatric Complications of HIV : A Challenging Health Concern / Anchal Singh, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Singh, Anchal, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Neuropsychiatry.

Neuropsychiatry--Examinations, questions, etc.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (405 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Academic Press, [2025]

Summary:

Thanks to advances in Anti-Retrovial Drugs (ARTs), HIV is treatable and those who have the disease are often able to lead a normal life.However, as a chronic (and incurable) infectious disease, HIV positive patients are susceptible to neuropsychiatric complications.

Contents:

Intro

Neuropsychiatric Complications of HIV: A Challenging Health Concern

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: The neurobiology of human immunodeficiency virus infections

Summary

Introduction

Clinical stages of HIV infection

Group I: Primary HIV infection

Group II: Asymptomatic phase

Group III: Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

Group IV: Symptomatic HIV infection

Molecular biology of the HIV virus

Genetic diversity and HIV clades

HIV replication

NeuroAIDS

Neurotoxicity and neuro-invasion

Factors for NeuroAIDS

Anti-retroviral drugs

High-risk behavior

Co-infection and co-morbidities

Virus-related issues

Host-related issues

HIV latency and reservoir

Conclusions

References

Further reading

Glossary

Chapter 2: HIV-1-mediated neuropsychiatric complications: Diagnosis and management

HIV and its impact on global health

HIV-1 infection and neuropsychiatric complications

Mechanisms of HIV entry into the CNS

The concept of viral reservoirs in the brain

HIV-associated dementia

Co-infections and development of neurophysiological disorders

Methods for screening and diagnosis of HAND

Anti-retroviral therapy-mediated neuropsychiatric toxicity

Peripheral neuropathy

Myopathy

Lactic acidosis

Discussion of diagnostic challenges and treatment decisions

Diagnostic challenges

Treatment decisions

Mechanisms of pathogenesis

Treatment optimization

Precision medicine and personalized approaches

Health disparities and social determinants

Global perspectives and collaborative research

Multi-disciplinary care and management

Future directions and research

Conclusion

Glossary.

Chapter 3: Neuropsychiatric complications among elderly people living with HIV

What you expect to know

HIV and neuropathology

HIV and psychoneuroimmunology

Clinical spectrum of neuropsychiatric complications among elderly people living with HIV

Classification and diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) phenotypes

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the nervous system (NeuroIRIS)

Depressive spectrum disorder

Mania

Anxiety

Psychotic disorders

Late HIV diagnosis

Treatment of neuropsychiatric complications among elderly patients with HIV

Tricyclic anti-depressants

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Newer anti-depressant agents

The way ahead

Acknowledgment

Chapter 4: Epidemiology of neuropsychiatric complications in HIV

The multi-dimensional nexus of HIV and neuropsychiatric phenomena

HIV and the brain: A molecular odyssey

Genetic and environmental influences on cognitive risks in HIV

Challenges and impact: Unmasking disparities in neuropsychiatric burden

Unveiling gender disparities in HIV-related neuropsychiatric challenges

Mechanisms and strategies: Paving the road to precision interventions

Anti-retroviral therapy: A symphony of protection for cognitive function

Unveiling prevalence: Charting cognitive landscapes in the context of HIV

Navigating early shores: Early detection, strategic interventions, and beyond

Epilogue: Fusing scientific insight with compassionate care

Questions

Chapter 5: Role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) genes in n

Introduction.

HIV-related proteins

Tropism of HIV infection

HIV and neurotoxicity

Pathogenesis of neuro-HIV

Development of neuro-HIV

Role of HIV-1 Tat protein in neurodegeneration

Diagnosis of dementia

HIV-1-associated neurological dementia

Genetic factors

Matrix metalloproteinases

Structure of MMPs

Classification of MMPs

Genetic variation in MMPs

TIMPs

The association between MMPs, TIMPs, and HAND

Genetic variation in MMPs and TIMPs genes and HAND

Therapy

Forthcoming prospective

Prospect suggestions

Further readings

Chapter 6: Genetics and epigenetics of NeuroAIDS

Genetic susceptibility to NeuroAIDS

Immune-related genes

CCR5 gene (C-C chemokine receptor type 5)

Genes encoding monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2)

CCL3 gene

Apolipoprotein Epsilon 4 allele (APOE4)

Dopamine-related genes

NeuroAIDS epigenetic studies

DNA methylation

Histone modification

miRNA regulation

Role of iron-mediated mitochondrial dysmetabolism in neuroHIV/AIDS patients

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in HAND

HIV-associated neural tube defects in children

WWW

Conclusion and future perspective

Chapter 7: Dementia and HIV infection

A brief history and current diagnostic nomenclature of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

Clinical manifestations and cognitive profile of dementia

Diagnosis of HAD

Screening tests for HAD

Extensive neuropsychological testing

The role of comorbidities in HAD

Diagnostic procedures and workup

Differential diagnosis of HAD

Treatment of HAD

Further reading.

Chapter 8: BBB and neuroinflammation

BBB and its protective role

BBB and its role in neuroinflammation

Components of BBB

Endothelial cells

Pericytes

Astrocytes

Therapeutics in neuroinflammation

Factors responsible for changing blood-brain barrier function: Development

Nutrition

Hypoxia

Temperature

Social and psychological stress

Environmental pollution

Effects of aging on blood-brain barrier

Diseases and blood-brain barrier

Alzheimer's disease and blood brain barrier

Multiple sclerosis and blood-brain barrier

Traumatic brain injury and blood-brain barrier

Ischemic stroke and blood-brain barrier

Chapter 9: Neurological manifestations and neuropharmacology of HIV/AIDS

Neurological manifestation due to HIV

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

Neuropathogenesis of HAND

Clinical features

Aseptic meningitis

Cerebrovascular disease

Vacuolar myelopathy

Neuropharmacology of anti-retroviral drugs

Neuropenetrance of anti-retroviral drugs

CNS toxicity of ART

NRTIs

NNRTIs

PIs

INSTIs

Entry inhibitors

Recent advances

Nano-ART

Essay-type questions

Short answer questions

World wide web resources

Chapter 10: Traumatic brain injury: An emerging threat for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

HIV proteins, neuroinflammation, and HAND

Aberrant neuronal signaling pathways associated with HAND

Potential risk factors for HAND

Traumatic brain injury as a potential co-morbidity in HIV patients and emerging risk factor for neurocognitive disorder.

Mice models to study the impact of TBI and HIV infection to brain

TBI models

CCI model

CHI model

FPI model

BI model

Mice models for HIV infection in the brain

Chapter 11: Drosophila as a model to study NeuroHIV: Insights from sleep function

Drosophila as model systems for HIV disease

Strengths of Drosophila as a general research model

Sleep disturbances and HIV infection

Sleep in the Drosophila immune system and potential applications for NeuroHIV

NEMURI linking sleep and immune function

Tob signaling in sleep regulation and its potential role in immune system

Draper signaling in sleep-related neuroprotection

Limitations of using Drosophila as a model for NeuroHIV

Chapter 12: Human immunodeficiency virus and antibodies: Catch 22

Epitope accessibility by bnAbs

Neutralization breadth predictors/parameters

Broadly neutralizing antibodies from infants/children: A platform for potent neutralizers

Elucidation of molecular pathways in attaining neutralization breadth

HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies in clinical development/trial

A glimpse at the history of bnAb development and their clinical utility

Ongoing clinical trials of bnAbs

Why bnAb combinations are preferred over their individual administration?

Antibody engineering: New hope for future as HIV therapeutics

Chapter 13: Elite neutralizers: An open eye for HIV vaccine development

Influence of viral diversification on bnAb selection.

Does similarity in viral variants serve a hand in vaccine design?.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780128188521

0128188529

OCLC:

1477219434