On Oxygen : From Air to Tissues / Michael Joyner and Jerome Dempsey, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Joyner, Michael, editor.

Dempsey, Jerome, editor.

Series:

Fundamentals of Physiology Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Oxygen--Physiological transport.

Oxygen.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (249 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Academic Press, [2025]

Summary:

On Oxygen: From Air to Tissues, the latest release in the Fundamentals of Physiology series, provides a fundamental overview of the entire oxygen pathway, sharing key mechanistic insights into the alternating conductive and diffusive steps of O2 transport.

Contents:

Front Cover

On Oxygen

Copyright Page

Contents

List of contributors

Foreword

Editorial Advisory Board

1 Introduction

Overview

Rationale for On Oxygen

Target audience(s)

Scope of On Oxygen

What is a physiological perspective?

Some definitions and parameters

Why exercise?

Contracting muscles drive physiological responses

Homeostasis

Composition of the Air

Conductive transport and diffusion

Oxidation

Summary

References

2 Exercise hyperpnea: the first step of oxygen delivery

Introduction

Fundamental features of the respiratory system to increase O2 uptake and CO2 release

VCO2:VA:PaCO2 relationships

Breathing mechanics-breathing pattern

Breathing mechanics-operating lung volume

Breathing mechanics-regulation of airway caliber

Breathing mechanics-respiratory muscle structure and function

Neural control of exercise hyperpnea/hyperventilation: what we know and do not know

The VA:VCO2 link

Sensing VCO2

Contributions from motor activities

Mechanisms obligatory to the hyperpnea

Neural control of hyperventilation during heavy intensity and prolonged exercise

Neural control of breathing pattern during exercise

Ventilatory constraints on hyperpnea: implications for the first step of O2 delivery

Ventilatory constraint and expiratory flow limitation

Physiological link between EFL and ventilatory constraint

Is EFL linked to operating lung volume regulation and ventilatory constraint?

Respiratory and cardiovascular interactions during exercise: implications for O2 delivery

Mechanical effects of respiration on cardiac function at rest

Mechanical effects of respiration on cardiac function during exercise

Respiratory influences on blood flow distribution during exercise

Respiratory muscle fatigue.

Biological sex differences and aging: implications for exercise hyperpnea

Sex differences in respiratory structure

Sex differences in exercise hyperpnea

Healthy aging

Exertional dyspnea

Quantifying dyspnea during exercise

Physiological mechanisms of exertional dyspnea

Current constructs of the neurophysiological origins of dyspnea

Training effects on the first step in O2 transport

Environmental hypoxia caveat

COPD caveat

Pathophysiology of exercise hyperpnea in COPD

Interventions to lower ventilatory neural drive, dyspnea, and leg discomfort in COPD

Does exercise training have positive effects on lung structure in disease?

Conclusion

3 Pulmonary gas exchange: ventilation-perfusion mismatch, diffusion limitation, and shunt

Exercise as a stress to pulmonary gas exchange

Calculating alveolar PO2 and the alveolar-arterial O2 difference

Pulmonary diffusion

Ventilation-perfusion matching

Factors affecting ventilation-perfusion matching

Active regulation of the distribution of ventilation

Active regulation of the distribution of perfusion: hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

Shunt

Exercise pulmonary gas exchange response

Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia

Diffusion limitation of gas transport in the lung during exercise

Diffusion limitation of CO2

Ventilation-perfusion matching and exercise

Mechanisms of increased VA/Q inequality with exercise

Exercise-induced pulmonary edema and the distribution of perfusion

Shunt during exercise

Sex differences in pulmonary gas exchange

Comparison of pulmonary gas exchange limitations in humans and horses

4 Getting oxygen from lung to tissues

Oxygen consumption at rest

Oxygen consumption during exercise

Heart rate

Stroke volume.

Blood pressure and baroreceptor resetting

Redistribution of blood flow during exercise

Metabolic influences on skeletal muscle blood flow

Sympathetic influence on skeletal muscle blood flow

Endurance training and elite athletes

5 The microcirculation: the connection to everything

Skeletal muscle microvascular structure

Rheology in the microcirculation

Arteriolar bifurcations and the network Fåhræus effect

Capillary bifurcations and preferential to proportional erythrocyte distributions

Implications of rheology and geometry

Functional characteristics of the skeletal muscle microcirculation

Functional characteristics of skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen supply-evidence from humans

Functional characteristics of oxygen supply in microvasculature of skeletal muscle- evidence from animals

Historical Context

Heterogeneity of capillary hematocrit, erythrocyte supply rate and erythrocyte transit time

Plasma gaps and reduced surface area for exchange

Longitudinal gradients in oxygen down the arteriolar tree

Hemodynamic heterogeneity is inherent in the structure of the capillary unit

Diffusional exchange among capillaries offsets heterogeneity

Regulation of skeletal muscle oxygen supply

Coupling of blood flow to oxygen requirement- evidence from humans

Coupling of blood flow to oxygen requirement-structural evidence for local oxygen sensing

Vasodilating and vasoconstricting mechanisms- evidence in humans

Mechanisms underlying blood flow during steady-state exercise

Mechanisms underlying hyperemia at the onset of exercise

Hemoglobin oxygen saturation-dependent signaling from erythrocytes-evidence from animals

Erythrocytes as carriers and sensors of oxygen

Conducted signaling along vascular endothelium in arterioles.

Conducted signaling in capillaries

In vivo evidence of capillaries communicating the oxygen environment to arterioles

New capillary fascicle paradigm-new challenges to flow regulation

Adaptability of the muscle microcirculation to activity and inactivity

Microvascular function

Muscle capillarization

Summary and conclusion

Future research

6 Fundamental principles of oxygen transport in the microcirculation

Blood flow and convective oxygen transport

Diffusive oxygen transport

Oxygen consumption in tissue

Oxygen penetration distance in tissue

The Krogh cylinder model for oxygen delivery

Models for oxygen delivery by microvascular networks

Control of heterogeneity in microvascular oxygen delivery

Conclusions

7 Mitochondria: connecting oxygen to life

What is life?

Why oxygen?

Brief history of oxygen

Why is oxygen essential to life?

Reduction potential

Catabolism: chemical disassembly factories

The Mitochondrial Electron Transport System: A Marvel of Nature

O2/2H2O redox couple sets the driving force free energy (ΔGredox)

Proton motive force free energy (ΔGpmf)-lightning in an organelle

From lightning to cellular energy currency

Mitochondrial ATP synthase

Thermodynamic implications of ATP synthesis

Bringing cells to life energetically

The interplay of thermodynamic free energies: putting it all together

Redox buffering circuits as a compensatory mechanism to increase energy expenditure

Mitochondria power an electrical grid through the proteome

8 The pathway for carbon dioxide: from tissues to lungs

CO2 metabolism and buffering

Transfer of carbon dioxide to and from blood

Carbon dioxide transport in the blood.

Flux of carbon dioxide across cellular membranes

Kinetic aspects of CO2 exchange and end-capillary PCO2 disequilibrium

Negative a-A PCO2 differences

Index

Back Cover.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780443218767

0443218765

OCLC:

1474243971