Solar-to-chemical conversion : photocatalytic and photoelectrochemcial processes / edited by Hongqi Sun.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Sun, Hongqi, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Solar energy.

Energy conversion.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (476 pages) : illustrations

Place of Publication:

Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH GmbH, [2021]

Summary:

This comprehensive book systematically covers the fundamentals in solar energy conversion to chemicals, either fuels or chemical products. It includes natural photosynthesis with emphasis on artificial processes for solar energy conversion and utilization. The chemical processes of solar energy conversion via homogeneous and/or heterogeneous photocatalysis has been described with the mechanistic insights. It also consists of reaction systems toward a variety of applications, such as water splitting for hydrogen or oxygen evolution, photocatalytic CO2 reduction to fuels, and light driven N2 fixation, etc. This unique book offers the readers a broad view of solar energy utilization based on chemical processes and their perspectives for future sustainability.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction: A Delicate Collection of Advances in Solar‐to‐Chemical Conversions

Chapter 2 Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels

2.1 Introduction of Solar Fuels

2.2 Photosynthesis

2.2.1 Natural Photosynthesis

2.2.2 Artificial Photosynthesis

2.3 Principles of Photocatalysis

2.4 Products of Artificial Photosynthesis

2.4.1 Hydrocarbons

2.4.1.1 Methane (CH4)

2.4.1.2 Methanol (CH3OH)

2.4.1.3 Formaldehyde (HCHO)

2.4.1.4 Formic Acid (HCOOH)

2.4.1.5 C2 Hydrocarbons

2.4.1.6 Other Hydrocarbons

2.4.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO)

2.4.3 Dioxygen (O2)

2.5 Perspective

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3 Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Overview of Natural Photosynthesis

3.3 Light Harvesting and Excitation Energy Transfer

3.4 Charge Separation and Electron Transfer

3.5 Water Oxidation

3.6 Carbon Fixation

3.7 Conclusions

Chapter 4 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Fundamentals of Photocatalytic H2 Evolution

4.3 Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Under UV Light

4.3.1 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)‐Based Semiconductors

4.3.2 Other Types of UV‐Responsive Photocatalysts

4.4 Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Under Visible Light

4.4.1 Carbon Nitride (C3N4)‐Based Semiconductor

4.4.2 Other Types of Visible‐Light‐Responsive Photocatalysts

4.5 Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Under Near‐Infrared Light

4.6 Roles of Sacrificial Reagents and Reaction Pathways

4.7 Summary and Outlook

Chapter 5 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution

5.1 Background of Photoelectrocatalytic Water Splitting

5.2 Mechanism of Charge Separation and Transfer

5.3 Strategy for Improving Charge Transfer

5.3.1 Improving the Charge Transfer in Continuous Film.

5.3.2 Improving the Charge Transfer in Particulate Photoelectrodes

5.4 Strategy for Improving Electron-Hole Separation

5.4.1 Heterojunction Formation

5.4.2 Crystal Facet Control

5.4.3 Surface Passivation

5.5 Surface Cocatalyst Design

5.6 Unbiased PEC Water Splitting

5.7 Conclusion and Perspective

Chapter 6 Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 Configuration of Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.1.2 Mechanism, Thermodynamics, and Kinetics Toward Efficient Oxygen Evolution

6.2 Homogeneous Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.2.1 Molecular Complexes and Polyoxometalates

6.2.2 Mechanism Details and the Stability

6.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.3.1 Unique Properties of Nanosized Semiconductor System

6.3.1.1 Quantum Confinement

6.3.1.2 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)

6.3.1.3 Surface Area and Exposed Facet‐Enhanced Charge Transfer

6.3.2 Zero‐Dimensional Semiconductor Materials for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.3.2.1 0D Metal Complexes and Nanoclusters

6.3.2.2 Metal Oxide Quantum Dots and Nanocrystals

6.3.3 One‐Dimensional Semiconductor Materials for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.3.4 Two‐Dimensional Semiconductor Materials for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.3.4.1 2D Metal Oxide Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.3.4.2 Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.3.4.3 Metal‐Based Oxyhalide Semiconductors for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.3.5 LD Semiconductor‐Based Hybrids for Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution

6.3.5.1 1D‐Based (0D/1D and 1D/1D) Semiconductor Hybrids for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.3.5.2 2D‐Based (2D/2D) Semiconductor Hybrids for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

6.3.5.3 Metal‐Free‐Based Semiconductors for Water Oxidation.

6.4 Catalytic Active Site-Catalysis Correlation in LD Semiconductors

6.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 7 Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Evolution

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Honda-Fujishima Effect

7.3 Factors Affecting the Photoanodic Current

7.4 Electrode Potentials at Different pH

7.5 Evaluation of PEC Performance

7.6 Flat Band Potential and Photocurrent Onset Potential

7.7 Selection of Materials

7.8 Enhancement of PEC Properties

7.8.1 Nanostructuring and Morphology Control

7.8.2 Donor Doping

7.8.3 Modification of Photoanode Surface

7.8.4 Electron‐Conductive Materials

7.9 PEC Device for Water Splitting

7.10 Conclusions and Outlook

Chapter 8 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Overall Water Splitting

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting

8.2.1 Principles and Mechanism

8.2.2 Key Performance Indicators

8.2.3 Materials for One‐Step Photoexcitation Toward Overall Water Splitting

8.2.3.1 Semiconductors

8.2.3.2 Incorporation of Cocatalysts

8.2.3.3 Plasmonic Nanostructures

8.2.4 Hybrid Systems for Two‐Step Photoexcitation Toward Overall Water Splitting

8.2.4.1 Z‐Schemes

8.3 Photoelectrochemical Overall Water Splitting

8.3.1 Principles and Mechanism

8.3.2 Key Performance Indicators

8.3.3 Materials Design

8.3.3.1 Photoanode Materials

8.3.3.2 Photocathode Materials

8.3.4 Unassisted Photoelectrochemical Overall Water Splitting

8.3.4.1 Photoanode-Photocathode Tandem Cells

8.3.4.2 Photovoltaic-Photoelectrode Devices

8.4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook

Chapter 9 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Principle of Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2

9.3 Energy and Mass Transfers in Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2.

9.3.1 Energy Flow from the Concentrator to Reactor

9.3.2 Energy Flow on the Surface of the Photocatalyst

9.3.3 Mass Flow in CO2 Photocatalytic Reduction

9.3.4 Product Selectivity in CO2 Photocatalytic Reaction

9.4 Conclusions

Chapter 10 Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Introduction of Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of CO2

10.1.2 Principles of Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of CO2

10.1.3 System Configurations of Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of CO2

10.2 PEC CO2 Reduction Principles

10.2.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of CO2 Reduction

10.2.2 Reaction Conditions

10.2.2.1 Reaction Temperature and Pressure

10.2.2.2 pH Value

10.2.2.3 Solvent

10.2.2.4 External Electrical Bias

10.2.3 Performance Evaluation of PEC CO2 Reduction

10.2.3.1 Product Evolution Rate and Catalytic Current Density

10.2.3.2 Turnover Number and Turnover Frequency

10.2.3.3 Overpotential

10.2.3.4 Faradaic Efficiency

10.3 Application of Solar‐to‐Chemical Energy Conversion in PEC CO2 Reduction

10.3.1 PEC CO2 Reduction on Semiconductors

10.3.1.1 Oxide Semiconductors

10.3.1.2 Non‐oxide Semiconductors

10.3.1.3 Chalcogenide Semiconductors

10.3.2 PEC CO2 Reduction on Cocatalyst Systems

10.3.2.1 Metal Nanoparticles

10.3.2.2 Metal Complexes

10.3.3 PEC CO2 Reduction on Hybrid Semiconductors

10.3.3.1 Conductive Polymers

10.3.3.2 Enzymatic Biocatalysts

10.3.3.3 Organic Molecules

10.4 Other Configurations for PEC CO2 Reduction

10.5 Conclusion and Outlook

Conflict of Interest

Chapter 11 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Nitrogen Fixation

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Fundamental Principles and Present Challenges

11.2.1 Principles in N2 Reduction for NH3 Production.

11.2.2 Challenges for N2 Reduction to NH3

11.3 Strategies for Catalyst Design and Fabrication

11.3.1 Defect Engineering

11.3.1.1 Vacancies

11.3.1.2 Heteroatom Doping

11.3.1.3 Amorphization

11.3.2 Structure Engineering

11.3.2.1 Morphology Regulation

11.3.2.2 Facet Control

11.3.3 Interface Engineering

11.3.4 Heterojunction Engineering

11.3.5 Co‐catalyst Engineering

11.3.6 Biomimetic Engineering

11.4 Conclusions and Outlook

Chapter 12 Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide Using MOF Materials

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Photocatalytic H2O2 Production Through Selective Two‐Electron Reduction of O2 Utilizing NiO/MIL‐125‐NH2

12.3 Two‐Phase System Utilizing Linker‐Alkylated Hydrophobic MIL‐125‐NH2 for Photocatalytic H2O2 Production

12.4 Ti Cluster‐Alkylated Hydrophobic MIL‐125‐NH2 for Photocatalytic H2O2 Production in Two‐Phase System

12.5 Conclusion and Outlooks

Reference

Chapter 13 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Reforming of Methane

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Photo‐Mediated Processes

13.3 Differences Between Photo‐Assisted Catalysis and Thermocatalysis

13.3.1 Catalyst Involved

13.3.2 Reactors

13.3.3 Mechanism

13.3.4 Equations for Quantum Efficiency

13.4 Reactions of Methane Conversion via Photo‐Assisted Catalysis

13.4.1 Methane Dry Reforming

13.4.2 Methane Steam Reforming

13.4.3 Methane Coupling

13.4.4 Methane Oxidation

13.4.5 Methane Dehydroaromatization

13.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgment

Chapter 14 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Reforming of Biomass

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Fundamentals of Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Processes

14.2.1 Photocatalytic Process

14.2.2 Photoelectrochemical Process

14.3 Photocatalytic Reforming of Biomass.

14.3.1 Photocatalytic Reforming of Lignin.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9783527825080

3527825088

9783527825097

3527825096

OCLC:

1243544175