Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing : experiment, model, and monitoring / edited by Xi Zhang [and three others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Zhang, Xi (Geologist), editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Hydraulic fracturing.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (291 pages)

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, [2023]

Summary:

Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing Comprehensive single-volume reference work providing an overview of experimental results and predictive methods for hydraulic fracture growth in rocks Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing: Experiment, Model, and Monitoring provides a summary of the research in mechanics of hydraulic fractures during the past two decades, plus new research trends to look for in the future. The book covers the contributions from theory, modeling, and experimentation, including the application of models to reservoir stimulation, mining preconditioning, and the formation of geological structures. The four expert editors emphasize the variety of diverse methods and tools in hydraulic fracturing and help the reader understand hydraulic fracture mechanics in complex geological situations. To aid in reader comprehension, practical examples of new approaches and methods are presented throughout the book. Key topics covered in the book include: Prediction of fracture shapes, sizes, and distributions in sedimentary basins, plus their importance in petroleum industry Real-time monitoring methods, such as micro-seismicity and trace tracking How to uncover geometries of fractures like dikes and veins Fracture growth of individual foundations and its applications Researchers and professionals working in the field of fluid-driven fracture growth will find immense value in this comprehensive reference on hydraulic fracturing mechanics.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1 Hydraulic Fracture Geometry from Mineback Mapping

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Summary of Mapped Fracture Geometries

1.2.1 Fractures in Coal

1.2.1.1 DHM-7 Fracture

1.2.1.2 DDH 190 Fracture

1.2.2 Fractures in Hard Rock

1.2.2.1 Northparkes E48 Mapped Fractures

1.2.3 Other Mapped Fractures

1.3 Comparison of Mapped Fracture Geometries

1.3.1 Dimensionless Parameters

1.4 Fracture Geometry Summary

1.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2 Measurements of the Evolution of the Fluid Lag in Laboratory Hydraulic Fracture Experiments in Rocks

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Materials and Methods

2.2.1 Materials and Experimental Set-up

2.2.2 Methods

2.2.3 Experimental Design

2.3 Results

2.3.1 MARB-005 - A HF Growth with a Fluid Lag

2.3.2 MARB-007 - A HF Growth during and after the Injection

2.3.3 GABB-002 - A Point-Load Like HF Growth

2.4 Discussions and Conclusions

2.4.1 Resolution of the Fluid Front Location

2.4.2 Quasi-Brittle Effects

2.4.3 Hydraulic Fracture Surfaces

2.4.4 Conclusions

Data Availability

Appendix A Determination of the Time of Fracture Initiation

Chapter 3 Mapping Hydraulic Fracture Growth Using Tiltmeter Monitoring Technique

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Forward Problem Formulation

3.2.1 Forward Model Definition

3.2.2 Forward Model

3.2.2.1 Point Source Dislocation Singularity Model

3.2.2.2 A General Distributed Dislocation Model

3.3 Bayesian Inversion Method

3.4 Field Applications

3.4.1 Inversion Results Using the Point Source Forward Model

3.4.2 Inversion Results Using the General Planar Forward Model

3.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Chapter 4 Experimental Observations of Hydraulic Fracturing.

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Experimental Setup on Laboratory-Scale

4.3 Laboratory Investigation of Fluid-.Driven Fractures in Various Applications

4.3.1 Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Reservoirs

4.3.1.1 Basic Issues of Breakdown Pressure and Fracture Geometry

4.3.1.2 Multiple Hydraulic Fracture Growth

4.3.1.3 Interactions Between Hydraulic Fractures and Natural Fractures

4.3.1.4 Fracture Propagation Through the Layered Formation

4.3.1.5 Nonlinear Fracturing in the Deep Reservoir

4.3.1.6 Cyclic Fracturing

4.3.2 Environmental Fracturing in a Shallow Formation

4.3.3 Hydraulic Stimulation in EGS

4.4 Conclusions and Future Work

Chapter 5 First Field Trail and Experimental Studies on scCO2 Fracturing

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Review on scCO2 Fracturing

5.2.1 Shale and scCO2 Interaction

5.2.1.1 Microscale Physical Changes

5.2.1.2 Microscale Chemical Changes

5.2.1.3 Macroscale Mechanical Changes

5.2.1.4 Conclusions on the Experiments on Shale and scCO2 Interaction

5.2.2 Experiments and Numerical Simulations on scCO2 Fracturing

5.2.2.1 Experiments on scCO2 Fracturing

5.2.2.2 Numerical Simulations on scCO2 Fracturing

5.3 A Field Trail on scCO2 Fracturing of Continental Shale in Yanchang Oil Field

5.3.1 scCO2 Fracturing Technology

5.3.2 scCO2 Fracturing Field Test

5.3.2.1 Reservoir Properties of Test Wells

5.3.2.2 Fracturing Process and Operation Parameters

5.3.3 Field Test Results and Analysis

5.3.3.1 Microseismic Monitoring and Inversion of Fracture Geometry

5.3.3.2 Production Data

5.4 Challenges in scCO2 Fracturing

5.4.1 scCO2 Fracturing Mechanism Is Still Not Clear

5.4.2 Challenges in Proppants Carrying

5.4.3 Challenge on the Predicting and Monitoring CO2 Phase

5.4.4 Lack of Specialized Equipment for scCO2 Fracturing

5.5 Conclusions.

Acknowledgments

Chapter 6 An Unstructured Moving Element Mesh for Hydraulic Fracture Modeling

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Discrete Model of a Planar Hydraulic Fracture

6.2.1 Unstructured Mesh

6.2.2 Discrete Elasticity Equation

6.2.3 Discretized Lubrication Equations for Channel Elements

6.2.4 Tip Elements

6.3 Time-Marching Algorithm

6.3.1 Iteration Loops

6.3.2 Local Front Update

6.3.3 Generation of a New Ring of Tip Elements

6.3.4 Crack Surface Remeshing

6.3.5 General Solution Algorithm Logic

6.4 Numerical Simulations: Stress Barriers

6.4.1 Description of Experiment

6.4.2 Numerical Simulations (no Remeshing)

6.4.3 Comparison with Experimental Results and Other Simulations

6.4.4 Illustration and Assessment of the Element Re-Meshing Strategy

6.5 Conclusions

Chapter 7 Study of Hydraulic Fracture Interference with a Lattice Model

7.1 Introduction

7.2 XSite Code Overview

7.3 Numerical Studies of Fracture Interference

7.3.1 Interaction of a Hydraulic Fracture with a Natural Fracture

7.3.2 Interaction of Two Hydraulic Fractures

7.3.2.1 Numerical Study

7.3.2.2 Interpretation of Results

7.3.3 Interaction of Hydraulic Fractures in Injection of Multiple Clusters

7.3.4 Interaction of Hydraulic Fractures in Fractured Medium

7.3.5 Interaction of Hydraulic Fractures in Zipper-Stage Injection

7.4 Afterword

Chapter 8 The Tipping Point: How Tip Asymptotics Can Enhance Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Fracture Evolution

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Mathematical Model

8.2.1 Assumptions

8.2.2 Governing Equation

8.2.2.1 Elasticity

8.2.2.2 Fluid Transport

8.2.2.3 Boundary and Propagation Conditions

8.2.2.4 Tip Asymptotics, Vertex Solutions, and Generalized Asymptotes.

8.3 Discretization, Coupled Equations, and the Multiscale ILSA Scheme to Locate the Free Boundary

8.3.1 Discretization

8.3.2 Locating the Free Boundary Using the Implicit Level Set Algorithm (ILSA)

8.4 Numerical Results

8.4.1 Symmetric Stress Barrier: m-Vertex Solution vs Experiment and the Effect of Toughness

8.4.2 A Stress Drop: Distinct Propagation Regimes Along the Periphery

8.5 Conclusions

8.6 Acknowledgment

Chapter 9 Plasticity: A Mechanism for Hydraulic Fracture Height Containment

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Dependence of the Effective Fracture Toughness on Propagation Direction

9.3 Effective Fracture Toughness vs. Closure Stress

9.4 A New Brittleness Index Defines Fracture Containment

9.5 Conclusions

Chapter 10 Turbulent Flow Effects on Propagation of Radial Hydraulic Fracture in Permeable Rock

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Model Formulation

10.2.1 Problem Definition

10.2.2 Governing Equations

10.2.2.1 Crack Elasticity

10.2.2.2 Fluid Flow

10.2.2.3 Fracture Propagation

10.2.2.4 Boundary Conditions

10.2.2.5 Global Fluid Volume Balance

10.3 Solution Approach

10.4 Solution Examples for Typical Field Applications

10.5 Limiting Propagation Regimes

10.6 Normalization of the Governing Equations

10.7 Problem Parameter Space Analyses

10.7.1 Zero Leak-Off Case (Impermeable Rock)

10.7.2 Nonzero Leak-Off Case (Permeable Rock)

10.8 Conclusions

Chapter 11 Analysis of a Constant Height Hydraulic Fracture

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Governing Equations

11.3 Tip Region

11.4 Vertex Solutions

11.4.1 Storage Viscosity

11.4.2 Leak-off Viscosity

11.4.3 Storage Toughness

11.4.4 Leak-off Toughness

11.5 Full Solution

11.6 Application Examples

11.7 Summary

References.

Chapter 12 Discrete Element Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Discrete Element Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing

12.3 Hydraulic Fracture Interacting with Natural Fractures

12.3.1 Hybrid Discrete-Continuum Method

12.3.2 Model Calibration for a Hydraulic Fracture in Intact Rock

12.3.3 Orthogonal Crossing

12.3.3.1 Effects of Stress Ratio and Friction of Natural Fractures

12.3.3.2 Effect of Strength (Toughness) Contrast

12.3.3.3 Effect of Stiffness (Modulus) Contrast

12.3.4 Non-Orthogonal Crossing

12.3.5 Fracturing Complexity

12.4 DEM Modeling of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fracturing

12.4.1 New Algorithm for the Toughness-Dominated Regime

12.4.2 Numerical Model Setup

12.4.2.1 Model Description

12.4.2.2 Model Verification

12.4.3 Hydraulic Fracturing in Intact Rock Sample

12.4.4 Hydraulic Fracturing in Fractured Rock Sample

12.5 DEM Modeling of Fluid Injection into Dense Granular Media

12.5.1 Background and Experimental Motivation

12.5.2 Model Setup

12.5.3 Effect of the Injection Rate

12.5.4 Dimensionless Time Scaling

12.5.5 Energy Partition

12.6 Discussion

12.7 Conclusions

Chapter 13 Interaction of a Hydraulic Fracture with Natural Fractures of Lesser Height and Weak Bedding Interfaces as a Possible Mechanism for Fracture Swarms

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Possible Mechanisms for Fracture Bifurcation

13.3 Interaction of Closely Spaced Parallel Fractures

13.4 Possible Mechanisms for Creating Fracture Swarms

13.5 Conclusions

Chapter 14 Hydraulic Fracturing Mechanisms Leading to Self-Organization Within Dyke Swarms

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Swarm Morphology and Fundamental Drivers

14.3 Dyke Swarm Model and Energetics

14.4 Alignment

14.5 Avoidance

14.6 Stress Shadow

14.7 Stress Plugs.

14.8 Attraction.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Wu, Bisheng Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing

ISBN:

9781119742418

OCLC:

1355217740