Pre-Equilibrium Emission in Nuclear Reactions : Fundamentals, Measurements and Analysis / B. P. Singh, Manoj K. Sharma, and R. Prasad.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Singh, B. P., 1936- author.

Sharma, Manoj K., author.

Prasad, R., author.

Series:

IOP Ebooks Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nuclear physics.

Nuclear reactions.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (260 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Bristol, England : IOP Publishing, [2022]

Summary:

This book discusses in detail the phenomena of Pre-equilibrium emission in statistical nuclear reactions. It is intended to help early-career nuclear physicists and doctoral students to understand the phenomenon of pre-equilibrium emission in nuclear reactions. It is ideal for postgraduate students studying accelerator-based experimental physics and dedicated researchers working in the field of nuclear reaction studies.

Contents:

Intro

Preface

Acknowledgments

Author biographies

Professor B P Singh

Professor Manoj K Sharma

Professor R Prasad

Symbols

Chapter 1 Introduction to the history of nuclear reactions and motivation for this book

1.1 Background

1.2 Nuclear atom

1.3 The first transmutation reaction

1.4 Discovery of neutron

1.5 Artificial radioactivity

1.6 Strong nuclear force

1.7 New isotopes

1.8 Discovery of fission

1.9 Self-sustained fission chain reaction

1.10 Fusion reaction

1.11 Accelerators

1.12 Particle accelerators in India

1.13 Radiation detectors

1.14 Study of reaction mechanism

1.15 Statistical reactions

1.16 Experimental verification of independence of formation and decay of compound nucleus

1.17 Particle spectra

1.18 Experimentally measured energy spectrum of ejectiles

1.19 Motivation

Bibliography

Chapter 2 Characteristics of binary nuclear reactions

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Classification of nuclear reactions

2.3 Conservation laws for nuclear reactions

2.4 Quantities not conserved in nuclear reactions

2.5 Nuclear reactions versus chemical reactions

2.6 Energetics of nuclear reactions

2.7 Centre-of-mass frame of reference

2.8 Cross-section

2.8.1 Nuclear scattering cross-section

2.8.2 Experimental determination of nuclear reaction cross-section

2.8.3 Experimental requirements for nuclear reaction studies

Chapter 3 Theoretical formulation of compound and pre-compound emission

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Compound reaction mechanism

3.3 Verification of Bohr's independent hypothesis

3.4 Theoretical formulation

3.4.1 Parameters of the entrance channel

3.4.2 Parameters of exit channel

3.5 Hauser-Feshbach formulations

3.6 Weisskopf-Ewing formulation

3.7 Nuclear level density.

3.7.1 Models for level density

3.7.2 Sources of information about level density

3.7.3 Parameterization

3.8 Pre-equilibrium emission

3.8.1 Some early evidence of pre-equilibrium emission

Chapter 4 Models for pre-equilibrium emission

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Intra-nuclear cascade model (INC)

4.3 The exciton model

4.3.1 The state densities

4.3.2 Equilibrium solution of master equation

4.3.3 Integrated emission rates

4.3.4 Never-come-back approximation

4.3.5 Gamma emission

4.3.6 Emission of protons and neutrons

4.3.7 Two-component exciton states

4.3.8 Conservation of angular momentum

4.3.9 The generalised exciton model

4.3.10 Question mark about the assumption of exciton model

4.4 Harp-Miller-Berne (HMB) model

4.5 Hybrid model

4.5.1 Geometry dependent hybrid model

4.6 Quantum mechanical model for pre-equilibrium process

4.6.1 MSD theory of FKK

4.6.2 Multi-step compound processes (MSCs)

4.7 Computer codes

Chapter 5 Experimental measurements

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Neutron induced reactions

5.2.1 Measurement and analysis of cross-sections

5.2.2 Measurements and analysis of energy spectra of light charged particles

5.3 Proton induced reactions

5.3.1 Measurements and analysis of EFs

5.3.2 Measurement and analysis of energy spectra of neutrons

5.4 Alpha induced reactions

5.4.1 Measurement and analysis of EFs

5.4.2 Measurements of neutron energy spectra in α,xn reactions

5.5 Heavy-ion induced reactions

5.5.1 Measurement and analysis of EFs with 7Li and 11B beams: 7Li+93Nb

7Li+89Y and 11B+181Ta systems

5.5.2 Measurement and analysis of EFs with 12C beam: 12C+169Tm, 12C+128Te and 12C+ 197Au systems.

5.5.3 Measurement and analysis of EFs with 14N, 16O, and 19F beams: 14N+181Ta, 16O+159Tb, 16O+169Tm, 16O+181Ta and 19F+169Tm systems

5.5.4 Pre-equilibrium emission from recoil range distribution: 16O+159Tb system

5.6 In-beam studies of the pre-equilibrium emission

5.6.1 Forward-to-backward yield ratios of reaction residues

5.6.2 Spin distribution and angular momentum

Chapter 6 Data analysis, parameterisation of pre-equilibrium fraction

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Pre-equilibrium fraction

6.3 Energy dependence in light-particle-induced reactions

6.3.1 In-proton-induced reactions

6.3.2 In α-induced reactions

6.4 Dependence of relative magnitudes of ƒR and ƒCN on energy

6.5 Systematics of pre-equilibrium fraction in odd Z and odd A nuclei

6.5.1 In the case of A = 139-203 nuclei

6.5.2 In case of A = 63-109 nuclei

6.6 Systematics for heavy-ion induced reactions

6.7 Pre-equilibrium component from recoil range distribution (RRD)

6.8 Pre-equilibrium component from spin distribution measurement

6.9 Pre-equilibrium emission and synthesis of SHE

6.10 Future perspective

Bibliography.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

0-7503-5079-2

OCLC:

1336502996