Desalination Engineering : Planning and Design / Nikolay Voutchkov, PE, BCEE, Water Globe Consulting, LLC

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Voutchkov, Nikolay. lat

Contributor:

Voutchkov, Nikolay.

Series:

McGraw-Hill's AccessEngineeringLibrary

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Saline water conversion.

Saline water conversion plants.

Salt-water . . --Desalination.

Salt-water . . .

Physical Description:

1 online resource (673 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Blacklick : McGraw-Hill Publishing, 2012.

Language Note:

In English.

Summary:

An in-depth guide to reverse osmosis desalination This Water Environment Federation and WateReuse Association publication provides comprehensive information on the planning and engineering of brackish and seawater desalination projects for municipal water supplies. After a brief overview of widely used desalination technologies, Desalination Engineering focuses on reverse osmosis desalination. The book discusses basic principles, planning and environmental review of projects, design and selection of key desalination plant components, desalinated water posttreatment, and concentrate management. Guidelines on sizing and cost estimation of desalination plant facilities are also included in this practical resource. COVERAGE INCLUDES: Source water quality characterizationFundamentals of reverse osmosis desalinationPlanning considerationsEnvironmental review and permittingIntakes for source water collectionIntake pump stationsSource water screening and conditioningSand removal, sedimentation, and dissolved air flotationPretreatment by granular media filtrationPretreatment by membrane filtrationComparison of granular media and membrane pretreatmentReverse osmosis separationPost-treatment of desalinated waterDesalination plant discharge managementDesalination project cost estimates.

Contents:

Cover

About the Author

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Desalination Engineering: An Overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Terminology

1.3 Overview of Desalination Technologies

1.4 Thermal Desalination

1.4.1 Overview

1.4.2 Multistage Flash Distillation

1.4.3 Multiple-Effect Distillation

1.4.4 Vapor Compression

1.5 Membrane Desalination

1.5.1 Overview

1.5.2 Electrodialysis

1.5.3 Reverse Osmosis

1.6 References

Chapter 2: Source Water Quality Characterization

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Watershed Sanitary Survey

2.3 Assessment of the Pathogen Content of Source Water

2.4 Overview of Source Water Constituents

2.5 Minerals

2.5.1 Mineral Content of Seawater

2.5.2 Mineral Content of Brackish Water

2.6 Dissolved Gases

2.7 Particulate Membrane Foulants

2.7.1 Description

2.7.2 Parameters and Measurement Methods

2.7.3 Threshold Levels of Particulate Foulants

2.8 Colloidal Membrane Foulants

2.8.1 Description

2.8.2 Parameters and Measurement Methods

2.8.3 Threshold Levels of Colloidal Foulants

2.9 Mineral Membrane-Scaling Foulants

2.9.1 Description

2.9.2 Parameters and Measurement Methods

2.9.3 Threshold Levels of Mineral Foulants

2.10 Natural Organic Foulants

2.10.1 Description

2.10.2 Parameters and Measurement Methods

2.10.3 Threshold Levels of Organic Foulants

2.11 Microbial Foulants

2.11.1 Description

2.11.2 Parameters and Measurement Methods

2.11.3 Threshold Levels of Microbial Foulants

2.12 Combined Impacts of Various Types of Foulants

2.13 Membrane Fouling Diagnostics

2.13.1 Laboratory Autopsy of Biofouled Membranes

2.14 Water Quality Analysis for RO Desalination

2.15 References

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Reverse Osmosis Desalination

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Structures, and Materials

3.2.1 Conventional Thin-Film Composite Membrane Structure

3.2.2 Thin-Film Nanocomposite Membrane Structure

3.2.3 Cellulose Acetate Membranes

3.2.4 Aromatic Polyamide Membranes

3.3 Spiral-Wound, Hollow-Fiber, and Flat-Sheet RO Membrane Elements

3.3.1 Spiral-Wound RO Membrane Elements

3.3.2 Hollow-Fiber RO Membrane Elements

3.3.3 Flat-Sheet RO Membrane Elements

3.4 Reverse Osmosis System-General Description

3.4.1 Configuration

3.4.2 Reverse Osmosis Process Parameters

3.5 Models for Water and Salt Transport through Membranes

3.5.1 Overview

3.5.2 Nonporous Solution-Diffusion Transport Model

3.6 Membrane Performance Factors and Considerations

3.6.1 Concentration Polarization

3.6.2 Membrane Fouling

3.6.3 Flux Distribution within Membrane Vessels

3.6.4 Effect of Salinity on Membrane Performance

3.6.5 Effect of Recovery on Membrane Performance

3.6.6 Effect of Temperature on Membrane Performance

3.6.7 Effect of Feed Pressure on Membrane Performance

3.6.8 Effect of Permeate Back Pressure on Membrane Performance

3.7 Key Membrane Desalination Plant Components

3.7.1 General Overview

3.7.2 Plant Intake

3.7.3 Pretreatment

3.7.4 Reverse Osmosis Separation System

3.7.5 Post-Treatment

3.7.6 Desalination Plant Discharge Management

3.8 References

Chapter 4: Planning Considerations

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Plant Service Area, Capacity, and Site

4.2.1 Service Area

4.2.2 Plant Capacity

4.2.3 Plant Site

4.3 Intake Type and Location

4.3.1 Brackish Water Intake Planning Considerations

4.3.2 Seawater Intake Planning Considerations

4.4 Source Water Quality

4.5 Product Water Quality

4.5.1 Water Quality of SWRO Desalination Plants

4.5.2 Water Quality of BWRO Desalination Plants.

4.5.3 Disinfection By-Products in Desalinated Water

4.5.4 Blending of Desalinated Water in the Distribution System

4.5.5 Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse Considerations

4.5.6 Selection of Target Product Water Quality

4.6 Plant Discharge

4.6.1 Concentrate

4.6.2 Spent Filter Backwash Water

4.6.3 Spent Membrane Cleaning Chemicals

4.7 Conceptual Plant Design

4.7.1 Scope

4.7.2 Selection of Key Treatment Processes

4.7.3 Equipment Selection

4.7.4 Treatment Process Validation and Optimization by Pilot Testing

4.7.5 Plant Configuration and Layout

4.7.6 Energy Use

4.7.7 Chemicals Used in Desalination Plants

4.8 Project Implementation Schedule and Phasing

4.8.1 Project Duration

4.8.2 Project Phasing

4.9 Project Economics

4.9.1 Effect of Plant Size on Project Costs

4.9.2 Concentrate Disposal and Plant Costs

4.9.3 Energy Use and Project Costs

4.9.4 Project Risks and Costs

4.10 Contractor Procurement for Project Implementation

4.10.1 Design-Bid-Build

4.10.2 Design-Build-Operate

4.10.3 Build-Own-Operate-Transfer

4.11 Project Funding

4.12 References

Chapter 5: Environmental Review and Permitting

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Intakes-Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

5.2.1 Open Intakes

5.2.2 Subsurface Intakes

5.3 Discharge-Environmental Challenges and Solutions

5.3.1 Salinity Increase beyond the Tolerance Thresholds of Aquatic Species

5.3.2 Concentration of Source Water Constituents to Harmful Levels

5.3.3 Discharge Discoloration and Low Oxygen Content

5.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Plant Operations

5.4.1 Introduction

5.4.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Management

5.5 Traffic, Noise, and Other Auxiliary Impacts

5.6 Framework of Environmental Impact Assessment

5.6.1 Introduction

5.6.2 Project EIA Scoping.

5.6.3 Project Definition

5.6.4 Environmental Analysis

5.6.5 Identification of Significant Environmental Impacts and Development of Mitigation Measures

5.7 Overview of the Desalination Project Permitting Process

5.8 Permits Related to Source Water Intake

5.8.1 Key Permitting Issues

5.8.2 Permitting Support Studies

5.9 Permits Related to Plant Discharge

5.9.1 Key Permitting Issues

5.9.2 Permitting Support Studies

5.10 Permits Related to Product Water

5.10.1 Key Permitting Issues

5.10.2 Permitting Support Studies

5.11 Other Permits

5.12 References

Chapter 6: Intakes for Source Water Collection

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Open Intakes

6.2.1 Types and Configurations

6.2.2 Selection of Open Intake Type

6.2.3 Selection of Open Intake Location

6.2.4 Minimization of Impingement and Entrainment Impacts

6.2.5 Design Considerations

6.2.6 Costs of Open Intakes

6.3 Subsurface Intakes

6.3.1 Types and Configurations

6.3.2 Design Considerations

6.3.3 Costs of Subsurface Intakes

6.4 References

Chapter 7: Intake Pump Stations

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Types and Configurations

7.2.1 Wet-Well Pump Stations

7.2.2 Dry-Well Pump Stations

7.2.3 Canned Pump Stations

7.3 Planning and Design Considerations

7.3.1 Pump Station Location

7.3.2 Pump Room Configuration

7.3.3 Inlet and Suction Well Configuration

7.3.4 Surge Analysis and Protection

7.3.5 Corrosion Protection

7.3.6 Water Quality Monitoring and Controls

7.4 Chemical Feed Systems

7.4.1 Sodium Hypochlorite Feed System

7.4.2 Sulfuric Acid Feed System

7.5 Intake Pump Station Construction Costs

7.6 References

Chapter 8: Source Water Screening

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Bar, Band, and Drum Screens

8.2.1 Coarse Bar Screens (Bar Racks)

8.2.2 Fine Screens

8.3 Microscreens.

8.3.1 Types and Configurations

8.3.2 Design Example

8.3.3 Microscreen Costs

8.4 Cartridge Filters

8.4.1 Types and Configurations

8.4.2 Planning and Design Considerations

8.4.3 Design Example

8.4.4 Cartridge Filter System Costs

8.5 References

Chapter 9: Source Water Conditioning

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Coagulation

9.2.1 Types of Coagulation Chemicals and Feed Systems

9.2.2 Planning Considerations

9.2.3 Design Example

9.3 Flocculation

9.3.1 Types of Flocculation Chemicals and Feed Systems

9.3.2 Planning and Design Considerations

9.3.3 Design Example

9.4 Scale Inhibitors

9.4.1 Acids

9.4.2 Other Scale Inhibitors

9.5 Biocides

9.5.1 Sodium Hypochlorite

9.5.2 Chlorine Dioxide

9.5.3 Chloramines

9.5.4 Nonoxidizing Biocides

9.6 Dechlorination

9.7 Planning and Design Considerations for Source Water Conditioning

9.7.1 Properties of Commonly Used Source Water Conditioning Chemicals

9.7.2 Example Calculations

9.8 References

Chapter 10: Sand Removal, Sedimentation, and Dissolved Air Flotation

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Sand Removal Systems

10.2.1 Settling Canals and Retention Basins

10.2.2 Strainers

10.2.3 Cyclone Separators

10.3 Sedimentation Tanks

10.3.1 Introduction

10.3.2 Planning and Design Considerations

10.3.3 Design Example

10.4 Dissolved Air Flotation Clarifiers

10.4.1 Types and Configurations

10.4.2 Planning and Design Considerations

10.4.3 Design Example

10.5 Lamella Settler and DAF Clarifier Costs

10.6 References

Chapter 11: Pretreatment by Granular Media Filtration

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The Filter Operation Cycle

11.2.1 Source Water Processing (Filtration)

11.2.2 Filter Media Backwash

11.3 Key Filtration System Components

11.3.1 Filter Cells

11.3.2 Filter Media.

11.3.3 Media Support Layer and Filter Underdrain System.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

0-07-177716-4

OCLC:

1024239184