Diagnosis and Analysis of COVID-19 Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning-Based Techniques / Mohammad Sufian Badar [and four others], editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Badar, Mohammad Sufian, editor.

Series:

Developments in applied microbiology and biotechnology.

Developments in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Artificial intelligence--Medical applications.

Artificial intelligence.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (428 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Elsevier Inc., [2024]

Summary:

Diagnosis and Analysis of COVID-19 using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning-Based Techniques offers new insights and demonstrates how machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), and (Internet of Things (IoT) can be used to diagnose and fight COVID-19 infection.

Contents:

Front Cover

Diagnosis and Analysis of COVID-19 using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning-Based Techniques

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgment

A - Biology of SARS-CoV-2

1 - Understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2

What you will learn

1. Overview of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

2. Structure and genome

2.1 Structural proteins

2.1.1 Spike proteins

2.1.2 Envelope protein

2.1.3 Membrane protein (M)

2.1.4 Nucleocapsid (N)

2.1.5 Replicase polyprotein

2.2 Nonstructural proteins

2.2.1 Nsp1 (19.6kDa, 1946 amino acid)

2.2.2 Nsp2 (70.5kDa, 639 amino acids)

2.2.3 Nsp3 (217kDa, 1946 amino acids)

2.2.4 Nsp4 (56kDa, 501 amino acids)

2.2.5 Nsp5 (33.7kDa, 307 amino acids)

2.2.6 Nsp6 (33kDa, 291 amino acids)

2.2.7 Nsp7 (9.2kDa, 84 amino acids) and Nsp8 (21kDa, 199 amino acids)

2.2.8 Nsp9 (12.3kDa, 114 amino acids)

2.2.9 Nsp10 (14.7kDa, 140 amino acids)

2.2.10 Nsp11 (1.3kDa, 13 amino acids)

2.2.11 Nsp12 (106kDa, 932 amino acids)

2.2.12 Nsp13 (66.8kDa, 601 amino acids)

2.2.13 Nsp14 (59.8kDa, 527 amino acids)

2.2.14 Nsp15 (38.8kDa, 346 amino acids)

2.2.15 Nsp16 (33kDa, 298 amino acids)

2.3 Accessory proteins

3. Cell tropism

4. Viral life cycle

4.1 Binding

4.2 Entry and Proteolysis

4.3 Viral replication

4.4 Assembly, packaging, and exit

5. Molecular aspects of pathogenesis

5.1 Host immune response to SARS-CoV-2

5.2 Antigen presentation in coronavirus infection

5.3 Cytokine storm in COVID-19

5.4 Renal pathogenesis

5.5 Coagulation system activation

5.6 Neurological pathogenesis

5.7 Acute respiratory distress syndrome.

5.8 Role of NF-κB pathway in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

6. Mechanisms of evasion

6.1 Coronavirus immune evasion

7. Currently available therapeutic strategies

7.1 Virally targeted inhibitors

7.2 Antibody and plasma therapy

7.3 Vaccines

7.4 Inflammatory inhibitors

7.5 Mesenchymal stem cell therapy

7.6 Drug resistivity

8. Summary

Take-home message

List of abbreviations

References

Further reading

2 - Epidemiology, evolution, and phylogeny of coronaviruses

What you will learn?

1. Introduction

2. Overview of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact

2.1 Origin and emergence

2.2 Modes of transmission

2.3 Global spread

3. Evolution of corona viruses (Fig. 2.5)

3.1 Mutation and genetic variability

3.2 Natural selection

3.3 Adaptation to hosts

4. Phylogeny of coronaviruses

4.1 Phylogenetic analysis

4.2 Common ancestry

4.3 Phylogenetic insights

5. Case study

5.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

5.1.1 Epidemiology

5.1.2 Evolution

5.2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

5.2.1 In epidemiology

5.2.2 Evolution

5.2.3 COVID-19: Coronavirus disease

5.2.3.1 Epidemiology

5.2.3.2 Evolution and phylogeny

6. Conclusion

Take home message

3 - Transmission mechanism and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2

What will you learn

1. Background

2. Introduction

3. Pathogenesis and mechanism of transmission

4. Modes of transmission

4.1 Animal-to-human transmission

4.2 Human-to-human transmission

4.2.1 Horizontal transmission

4.2.1.1 Airborne transmission

4.2.1.2 Droplet transmission

4.2.1.3 Contact transmission

4.2.2 Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2

4.2.3 Nosocomial transmission

4.2.4 Fecal-oral transmission

4.3 Environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

4.3.1 SARS-CoV-2 in stool and sewage

4.3.2 SARS-CoV-2 in solid waste

4.3.3 SARS-CoV-2 in natural water

4.3.4 SARS-CoV-2 in the air environment

4.3.4.1 Indoor environment

4.3.4.2 Outdoor environment

4.3.4.3 Air pollution and COVID-19

5. Strategies to combat transmission

5.1 Daily safety guidelines

5.2 Preventative measures adoption according to age group

5.3 Travel and airport screenings

6. Clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2

6.1 Olfactory and gustatory sense dysfunction

6.2 Pulmonary manifestation

6.3 Cardiovascular manifestation

6.4 Gastrointestinal and liver involvement

6.5 Urinary system and kidney involvement

6.6 Reproductive system involvement

6.7 Hematological manifestations

6.8 Neurological manifestations

6.9 Vascular abnormalities

6.10 Endocrine abnormalities

6.11 Cutaneous manifestations

6.12 Ophthalmological complication

6.13 Mediastinal findings

6.14 Psychological manifestation

7. Postinfection manifestations

8. Clinical manifestation in pediatric population

9. Challenges and future perspectives

10. Conclusion

Abbreviations

Conflict of interest

Author contributions

Consent for publication

Acknowledgments

4 - Diagnostic approaches in SARS-COV-2 infection (COVID-19)

1. Overview of SARS-COV-2

1.1 Structure of SARS-COV-2

1.1.1 Mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2

2. Materials and methodology

2.1 Materials

2.2 Methodology

3. Diagnosis and complications

3.1 D-dimer, coagulation factors, and troponin

3.1.1 D-dimer, coagulation factors, and troponin

3.1.1.1 Coagulation factors

3.1.1.2 Troponin

3.1.1.2.1 Limitations

3.2 Immune response, inflammation, and cytokine storm

3.3 RT-PCR sampling site, methodology, and testing capacity.

3.3.1 Principle

3.3.1.1 Methodology

3.3.1.1.1 Sampling site for collection

3.3.1.2 RT-PCR assay

3.3.1.3 Testing capacity

3.4 Chest CT scan

3.5 Serological testing

3.6 By using nanoparticles

3.6.1 Point-of-care testing

3.6.1.1 Magnetic NPs

3.6.1.2 Calorimetric assay

3.6.1.3 Microfluidic devices

3.6.1.4 Two-dimensional gold nanoislands

3.7 SARS CoV-2 antigens

3.7.1 Spike protein

3.7.2 Nucleocapsid protein

4. Limitations of current diagnostic techniques

4.1 PCR

4.2 Biosensors

4.3 Chest CT scan

4.4 Serological testing

5. Different COVID-19 diagnostic tests, their advantages, and limitations

5.1 Methods to detect SARS -COV-2 nucleic acid

5.2 Detection of SARS- COV-2 by mass spectrometry

5.3 Detection using biosensors

5.3.1 Nucleic acid-based biosensors

5.3.2 Antibody biosensors

5.3.3 Aptamer based

6. Alternative testing and future perspectives

7. Conclusion

5 - Emerging therapeutic strategies for COVID-19

2. Pathophysiology of novel coronavirus

3. Potential targets for the management of COVID-19

4. Emerging therapeutic strategies for combating COVID-19

4.1 Repurposed drugs

4.1.1 Antiviral drugs

4.1.2 Corticosteroids

4.1.3 Anti-inflammatory drugs

4.1.4 Adjuvant therapies

4.2 Convalescent plasma therapy

4.3 Vaccines

4.4 Artificial intelligence

4.5 Herbal remedies

5. Prognosis in the management of COVID-19

6 - Vaccine development strategies and impact

2. Immunogen source

2.1 Inactivated, live-attenuated, and toxoid vaccines

2.2 Subunit vaccines

2.3 Virus-like particles and nanoparticle-based vaccines

2.4 Vector-based vaccines

2.5 Nucleic acid-based vaccines.

2.5.1 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based vaccines

2.5.2 Ribonucleic acid-based vaccines

2.5.2.1 Conventional messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines

2.5.2.2 Self-replicating or self-amplifying mRNA vaccines

2.5.2.3 Transamplifying mRNA vaccines

2.5.2.4 Small interfering RNAs and microRNAs

3. Nonviral vaccines for addressing current vaccine development challenges

3.1 Vaccines for individuals suffering from immunosuppression

3.2 Unconventional Ags-containing vaccines

3.3 Vaccines used in noncontagious diseases

4. Vaccination delivery advancements

4.1 Mucosal vaccination and vaccine formulations

4.2 Biological carriers for vaccines

4.3 Plant-based edible vaccines

4.4 Sublingual immunotherapy

4.5 Other formulation strategies for vaccine delivery

4.6 Thermostable vaccines-spray drying and other approaches

4.7 Adjuvant advancements in vaccine development

5. Case studies

5.1 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

5.1.1 Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine

5.1.2 Moderna vaccine

5.1.3 Johnson &amp

Johnson's Janssen (J&amp

J/Janssen) vaccine

5.1.4 AstraZeneca vaccine

5.1.5 Novavax vaccine

5.1.6 Covaxin vaccine

5.1.7 BIBP/Sinopharm vaccine

5.1.8 Sinovac vaccine

5.1.9 Convidecia vaccine

5.2 Ebola

5.3 Influenza

6. Immunoinformatics and artificial intelligence

7. Veterinary vaccines

8. Future prospects and challenges

9. Conclusion

7 - Mutational landscape and emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2

2. Phylogenetic analysis

3. Sequence data analysis

4. Genome assembly

4.1 Next-generation sequencing

4.2 Application of NGS

5. Genetic mutation and their effects

6. Variants of concern

7. Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern.

8. Clinical features of COVID-19 and its variants of concern.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

0-323-95373-5

OCLC:

1447010447