Space regulation in Canada : past, present and potential : the case for a comprehensive Canadian space law / Aram Daniel Kerkonian.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Kerkonian, Aram Daniel, author.

Series:

Space regulations library ; Volume 12.

Space regulations library

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Space law.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xviii, 436 pages).

Place of Publication:

Cham, Switzerland : Springer, [2021]

Summary:

Space is no longer the domain of national space agencies. Today, a significant majority of space activities are carried out by non-governmental entities, resulting in the accelerated evolution of space technologies and their applications. This operational shift from public to private does not mean, however, that governments are no longer relevant in this era of New Space. On the contrary: as the operational role of the state has diminished, its regulatory role has grown correspondingly. Acknowledging that the commercial landscape in space is an ever-changing one, this book explores how the Canadian government has adapted to the new commercial space landscape and whether it is prepared to fulfil its authorisation and supervision responsibilities as the regulator of Canada's space industry. The fundamental research question posed, therefore, is whether Canada's regulatory framework is appropriate given the increasing commercialisation of space. To bestanswer this question, the book provides a doctrinal analysis of Canada's historical space policy and current space laws, an empirical survey of the perspectives of those currently interacting with Canada's regulatory framework, and a comparative exploration of how other jurisdictions oversee commercial space activities. Motivated by legal, moral and economic considerations, the book recommends that Canada enact a comprehensive national space law and provides an annotated draft law for this purpose. By doing so, the book intends to spark a meaningful conversation on how Canada ought to fulfil its regulatory responsibilities, a topic previously unaddressed in public and academic discourse.

Contents:

Intro

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Purpose and Research Question

1.2 Chapter Summaries

1.3 Methodological Approaches

1.4 Original Contribution

Chapter 2: International and Canadian Space Activities

2.1 Historical Space Activities

2.2 Historical Canadian Space Activities

2.2.1 Space Science

2.2.1.1 Atmospheric Studies

2.2.1.2 High Altitude Research Program (HARP)

2.2.2 Communications

2.2.2.1 Alouette-ISIS Program

2.2.2.2 ANIK Program

2.2.2.3 CTS Program

2.2.3 Remote Sensing

2.2.4 Robotics and Human Spaceflight

2.3 Current Space Activities

2.4 Current Canadian Space Activities

2.4.1 Economic Impact of Canadian Space Sector

2.4.2 Canadian Space Agency

2.4.3 Macdonald Dettwiler and Associates

2.4.4 Telesat

2.4.5 Urthecast

2.4.6 ExactEarth

2.4.7 GHGSat

2.4.8 Kepler Communications

2.5 Future Space Activities

2.5.1 Emerging Space Applications

2.5.1.1 Improved and Reusable Launch Capability

2.5.1.2 Space Traffic Management and Space Situational Awareness

2.5.1.3 Global Internet Coverage

2.5.1.4 Human Settlement in Space

2.5.1.5 Outer Space Resource Exploitation

2.5.1.6 Solar Power Satellites

2.5.1.7 On-Orbit Servicing

2.5.1.8 Debris Remediation

2.5.2 Cooperation Efforts

2.5.2.1 Space Exploration

2.5.2.2 Lunar and Near-Lunar Development

2.5.2.3 Natural Disaster Response

2.5.2.4 Cooperation to Promote the Development of Space in Developing States

2.5.2.5 Obstacles to International Cooperation

2.6 Future Canadian Space Activities

2.6.1 Economic Focus and Policy Development

2.6.2 Technological Growth

2.6.3 Social Impact

2.6.4 Regulatory Reform

2.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: International Regulation of Space Activities.

3.1 Current International Space Law

3.1.1 Outer Space Treaty (1967)

3.1.2 Rescue and Return Agreement (1968)

3.1.3 Liability Convention (1972)

3.1.4 Registration Convention (1975)

3.1.5 Moon Agreement (1979)

3.1.6 Other Hard Law Instruments

3.1.6.1 International Telecommunication Union Convention (1932)

3.1.6.2 ISS Agreement (1998)

3.1.7 Soft Law

3.1.7.1 Legal Principles Governing Activities in Outer Space (1963)

3.1.7.2 Remote Sensing Principles (1986)

3.1.7.3 Nuclear Power Sources Principles (1992)

3.1.7.4 Space Benefits Declaration (1996)

3.1.7.5 UN Debris Mitigation Guidelines (2007)

3.1.7.6 UN Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines (2018)

3.2 Future International Space Law

3.3 Conclusion

Chapter 4: Canadian Regulation of Space Activities

4.1 Governmental Policy Making

4.2 Canadian Space Policy

4.2.1 Upper Atmosphere and Space Programs in Canada (Science Secretariat, 1967)

4.2.2 Report on A Space Program for Canada (Science Council of Canada, 1967)

4.2.3 A Domestic Satellite Communication System for Canada (Minister of Industry, 1968)

4.2.4 Canadian Policy for Space (MOSST, 1974)

4.2.5 Canadian Space Program Plan (MOSST, 1981)

4.2.6 Canadian Space Program Plan (MOSST, 1982)

4.2.7 Interim Space Plan (MOSST, 1985)

4.2.8 Canadian Space Program: Long Term Initiatives (MOSST, 1986)

4.2.9 The Canadian Space Program: A New Horizon (CSA, 1994)

4.2.10 The Canadian Space Program: A New Era for Canada in Space (CSA, 1999)

4.2.11 The Canadian Space Strategy: Serving and Inspiring the Nation (CSA, 2003)

4.2.12 Reaching Higher: Canada´s Interests and Future in Space (Emerson, 2012)

4.2.13 Space Policy Framework: Launching the Next Generation (CSA, 2014)

4.2.14 Report on Consultations (Space Advisory Board, 2017).

4.2.15 Exploration, Innovation, Imagination: A New Space Strategy for Canada (ISED, 2019)

4.3 Reviewing Canadian Space Policy

4.4 Canadian Space Laws

4.4.1 Radiocommunication Act (1985)

4.4.2 Aeronautics Act (1985)

4.4.3 Broadcasting Act (1991)

4.4.4 Telecommunications Act (1993)

4.4.5 Remote Sensing and Space Systems Act (2005)

4.5 Canadian Laws Related to Space

4.5.1 Canadian Space Agency Act (1990)

4.5.2 Civil International Space Station Agreement Implementation Act (1999)

4.5.3 Criminal Code

4.6 Future Canadian Space Law

4.7 Conclusion

Chapter 5: Theoretical Foundation of Canadian Space Regulation

5.1 The International Legal Order

5.1.1 Origins and History

5.1.2 Contemporary International Relations

5.1.3 A Paradox: Jus Cogens and Sovereignty

5.1.4 A Response: States as Fiduciaries of Their People

5.1.5 An Extension: States as Fiduciaries of Humanity

5.1.5.1 Examples of Fiduciary Practice

5.1.5.2 Evidence of Canada´s Fiduciary Practice

5.2 A State´s Fiduciary Responsibility to Regulate

5.2.1 Regulation

5.2.1.1 The Theories of Regulation

5.2.1.2 The Methodologies of Regulation

5.2.1.3 The Role of the Regulator

5.2.1.4 The Practicalities of Regulation

5.3 The Benefits of Space Regulation

5.3.1 Benefits for Private Entities

5.3.1.1 Regulatory Consistency Promotes Competition

5.3.1.2 Regulatory Clarity Promotes Efficiency

5.3.1.3 Regulatory Legitimacy Promotes Confidence

5.3.2 Benefits for Institutions

5.3.3 Benefits for Canada

5.4 Space Regulation as Satisfaction of Canada´s Fiduciary Duties

5.5 Conclusion

Chapter 6: Empirical Insights into the Canadian Space Regulatory Framework

6.1 Background

6.1.1 Questionnaire Drafting Process

6.1.2 Research Ethics Board Process

6.1.3 Dissemination Process.

6.1.4 Methodological Limitations

6.2 Questionnaire: Insights into Canada´s Regulatory Framework Related to Space

6.2.1 Preliminary Comments

6.2.2 Analysis of Individual Questions

6.2.2.1 General Information

6.2.2.2 Canada´s Space Policy

6.2.2.3 Canada´s Space Regulatory Framework

6.2.2.4 The Application of Canada´s Space Regulatory Framework

6.2.2.5 The Future of Space Regulation in Canada

6.2.2.6 The Future of Space Activities

6.2.2.7 A New Canadian Space Law

6.3 General Analysis of Themes Emerging from Questionnaire Responses

6.3.1 Preliminary Comments

6.3.2 Uninspiring State of the Canadian Space Sector

6.3.3 Dismal View of the Canadian Space Regulatory Framework

6.3.4 Desire to Improve the Canadian Space Regulatory Framework

6.3.5 Lack of Consensus on How to Improve the Canadian Space Regulatory Framework

6.3.6 General Preference for a Comprehensive Canadian Space Law

6.3.7 Potential Effect of a New Comprehensive Canadian Space Law

6.3.8 Canadian Leadership in International Space-Related Issues

6.4 Conclusion

Chapter 7: National Regulation of Space Activities

7.1 Comprehensive Regulation of Commercial Space Activities

7.1.1 Norway (1969)

7.1.2 Sweden (1982)

7.1.3 United Kingdom (1986)

7.1.4 Argentina (1991)

7.1.5 Russia (1993)

7.1.6 South Africa (1993)

7.1.7 Ukraine (1996)

7.1.8 Hong Kong (1997)

7.1.9 Australia (1998)

7.1.10 Belgium (2005)

7.1.11 South Korea (2005)

7.1.12 Netherlands (2007)

7.1.13 France (2008)

7.1.14 Austria (2011)

7.1.15 Kazakhstan (2012)

7.1.16 Indonesia (2013)

7.1.17 Denmark (2016)

7.1.18 Japan (2016)

7.1.19 New Zealand (2017)

7.1.20 Finland (2018)

7.1.21 Portugal (2019)

7.1.22 United Arab Emirates (2020)

7.2 Non-comprehensive Regulation of Commercial Space Activities.

7.2.1 United States of America (1984)

7.2.2 Brasil (2001)

7.2.3 China (2001)

7.2.4 Germany (2007)

7.2.5 India (2017)

7.2.6 Luxembourg (2017)

7.2.7 Philippines (2018)

7.3 Analysis of Comprehensive National Space Laws

7.3.1 Scope

7.3.2 Authorisation

7.3.3 Supervision

7.3.4 Liability, Insurance and Indemnification

7.3.5 Registration and Transfer

7.3.6 Environment and Debris Mitigation

7.3.7 Consequences of Violation

7.4 Conclusion

Chapter 8: Rationale for a Comprehensive Canadian Space Law

8.1 Future of Canadian Commercial Space Activities

8.2 Current Canadian Space Regulatory Framework

8.3 Proposed Comprehensive Space Law

8.3.1 General Advantages of a Comprehensive Space Law

8.3.1.1 Overarching Foundational Document

8.3.1.2 Responsive and Flexible Application to Emerging Activities

8.3.1.3 Increased Coherence and Regulatory Accessibility

8.3.2 Stakeholder Rationale for the Creation of a Comprehensive Space Law

8.3.2.1 Government Perspective

8.3.2.2 Industry Perspective

8.3.2.3 Third-Party Perspective

8.4 Other Necessary Changes to the Regulatory Framework

8.4.1 Maintaining the Overall Regulatory Framework

8.4.2 Supporting the Role of the Regulator

8.4.2.1 Departmental Clarity

8.4.2.2 Skilled Human Resources

8.4.2.3 Appropriate Levels of Funding

8.5 Potential Criticisms of the Proposed Comprehensive Canadian Space Law

8.5.1 A Broad Law Does Not Offer Regulatory Clarity

8.5.2 A Broad Law Does Not Offer Regulatory Consistency

8.5.3 An Existing Law Can Satisfy the Purpose of the Proposed Comprehensive Space Law

8.5.4 Additional Regulation Hinders Commercial Innovation

8.5.5 A Broad Law Creates Unintended Consequences

8.6 Conclusion

Chapter 9: Proposed Comprehensive Canadian Space Law

9.1 General Comments.

9.2 Specific Provisions.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

3-030-68692-2

OCLC:

1246580853