Watershed management and applications of AI / Sandeep Samantaray, Abinash Sahoo, and Dillip K. Ghose.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Samantaray, Sandeep, author.

Sahoo, Abinash, author.

Ghose, Dillip K., author.

Series:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Engineering

Artificial intelligence (AI) in engineering

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Watershed management--Data processing.

Watershed management.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (310 pages).

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, Florida ; London ; New York : CRC Press, [2021]

Summary:

"Land use and water resources are two major environmental issues which necessitate conservation, management, and maintenance practices through the use of various engineering techniques. Water scientists and environmental engineers must address the various aspects of flood control, soil conservation, rainfall-runoff processes, and groundwater hydrology. Watershed management and applications of AI provides the necessary principles of hydrology to provide practical strategies useful for the planning, design, and management of watersheds. The book also synthesizes novel new approaches, such as hydrological applications of machine learning using neural networks to predict runoff and using artificial intelligence for the prediction of groundwater fluctuations. Presents hydrologic analysis and design along with soil conservation practices through proper watershed management techniques. Provides analysis of land erosion and sediment transport in watersheds from small to large scale. Includes estimations for runoff using different methodologies with systematic approaches for each. Discusses water harvesting and development of water yield catchments. This book will be a valuable resource for students in hydrology courses, environmental consultants, water resource engineers, and researchers in related water science and engineering fields"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Cover

Half Title

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Authors

Chapter 1: Introduction to Watershed Management

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Hydrologic Cycle

1.2.1. Precipitation/Rainfall

1.2.2. Interception

1.2.3. Evaporation

1.2.4. Transpiration

1.2.5. Evapotranspiration

1.2.6. Overland Flow

1.2.7. Infiltration

1.2.8. Groundwater Storage

1.2.9. Stream Flow

1.2.10. Hydrologic Budget

1.3. Conceptual Understanding of Society's Effect on the Hydrologic Cycle

1.4. Climate Data in Watershed

1.4.1. Water

1.4.2. Food

1.4.3. Health

1.4.4. The Environment

1.5. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation

1.5.1. Causes of Soil Erosion

1.5.1.1. Rainfall and Runoff

1.5.1.2. Slope of the Land

1.5.1.3. Deficiency of Vegetation

1.5.1.4. Wind

1.5.2. Effects of Soil Erosion

1.5.3. Sedimentation

1.6. Soil Conservation

1.6.1. Methods and Techniques of Soil Conservation

1.6.1.1. Contour Ploughing

1.6.1.2. Terrace Farming

1.6.1.3. Perimeter Runoff Control

1.6.1.4. Windbreaks

1.6.1.5. Crop Rotation/Cover Crops

1.6.1.6. No Till Farming

1.6.1.7. Salinity Management

1.6.1.8. River Bank Protection

1.6.1.9. Impervious Surfaces Reduction

1.6.1.10. Dry Farming

1.6.1.11. Maintaining pH Levels of Soil

1.7. Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Characteristics of Watershed

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Delineation of Watershed

2.3. Drainage Area

2.4. Linear Measurement

2.5. Basin Shapes

2.5.1. Length to the Centre of Area (Lc)

2.5.2. Width of Watershed (W)

2.5.3. Area of Watershed (A)

2.5.4. Shape Index

2.5.5. Shape Factor (Ls)

2.5.6. Circularity Ratio (Fc)

2.5.7. Elongation Ratio (Re)

2.5.8. Basin Length

2.6. Watershed Relief

2.6.1. Channel Slope in Watershed (Sc).

2.6.1.1. Ruggedness and Geometry Number

2.6.2. Calculation of Slope

2.6.3. Hypsometric Curve

2.7. Description of Drainage Pattern

2.7.1. Horton's Laws

2.7.1.1. Channel Length

2.7.2. Drainage Density (Dd)

2.8. Time Parameters

2.8.1. Time of Concentration (Tc)

2.9. Land Use and Land Cover

2.10. Conclusion

Chapter 3: Soil Erosion and Its Control

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Types of Soil Erosion

3.2.1. Wind Erosion

3.2.2. Water Erosion

3.3. Estimation of Soil Erosion

3.3.1. Soil Loss Model

3.3.1.1. Universal Soil Loss Equation

3.3.1.2. Uses of USLE

3.3.1.3. Sediment Delivery Ratio

3.4. Sediment Yield Models

3.4.1. Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation

3.4.2. Routing Model of MUSLE

3.5. Bed Load Models

3.5.1. Estimation of Bed Load

3.5.1.1. Meyer-Peter Muller Formula

3.6. Controlling Soil Erosion

3.7. Soil Conservation Practices

3.8. Vegetative Practices

3.8.1. Contouring

3.8.2. Strip Cropping

3.8.2.1. Buffer Strip Cropping

3.8.2.2. Field Strip Cropping

3.8.2.3. Contour Strip Cropping

3.8.3. Tillage Operations

3.8.4. Mulching

3.9. Mechanical Practices

3.9.1. Terraces

3.9.1.1. Terrace Spacing

3.9.1.2. Terrace Grade

3.9.1.3. Terrace Length

3.9.1.4. Terrace Cross Section

3.9.1.5. Terrace Outlet

3.9.1.6. Terrace Location

3.9.1.7. Terrace Construction

3.9.1.8. Terrace Maintenance

3.9.2. Broad-base Terraces

3.9.2.1. Graded Terraces

3.9.2.2. Level Terraces

3.9.3. Bench Terraces

3.9.4. Bunds

3.9.4.1. Graded Bunds

3.9.4.2. Contour Bunds

3.10. Conclusion

Chapter 4: Water Harvesting

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Types of Water Harvesting Structures

4.2.1. Contour Furrows

4.2.2. Contour Bunding

4.2.3. Micro-catchments

4.3. Water Yield from Catchments.

4.3.1. Vegetation Management

4.3.2. Land Alteration

4.3.3. Treatment of Soil

4.3.4. Small Water Storage Structures

4.4. Runoff Diversion

4.4.1. Check Dams

4.4.2. Underground Impervious Layer

4.4.3. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

4.5. Ponds

4.6. Reservoirs

4.6.1. Components of a Reservoir

4.6.2. Reservoir Location

4.6.3. Reservoir Storage Capacity

4.6.4. Reservoir Behind a Dam or an Embankment

4.6.5. Reservoir Spillway Design

4.6.6. Reservoir Seepage Loss

4.6.6.1. Soil Compaction

4.6.6.2. Lining

4.6.7. Protection of Reservoir Banks

4.6.8. Damage to Reservoir Sides by Landslides and Abrasion

4.7. Earthen Embankments for Water Conservation

4.7.1. Construction of Earthen Embankments

4.7.2. Embankment Design

4.7.2.1. Recommended Safety Measures

4.7.3. Seepage Analysis

4.7.3.1. Seepage Analysis by Flow Net

4.8. Conclusion

Chapter 5: Water Quality Management in Watershed

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Water Pollutants and their Sources

5.2.1. Point Sources

5.2.2. Non-point Sources

5.2.3. Oxygen-Demanding Materials

5.2.4. Nutrients

5.2.5. Pathogenic Organisms

5.2.6. Suspended Solids

5.2.7. Salts

5.2.8. Toxic Metals and Toxic Organic Compounds

5.2.9. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

5.2.10. Heat

5.3. Water Quality Indicator and Standards

5.4. Water Quality Management in Rivers

5.4.1. Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)

5.4.2. Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Waste on Rivers

5.4.3. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

5.4.4. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

5.4.5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand

5.4.6. Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curve

5.4.7. Dilution in Rivers and Self-purification of Natural Streams

5.5. Water Quality Management in Lakes

5.5.1. Eutrophication

5.5.2. Constituents of Managing Lake Water Quality

5.5.2.1. Monitoring from Baseline.

5.5.2.2. Diagnostic Investigation

5.5.2.3. Watershed Assessment

5.5.2.4. Management Plan

5.5.2.5. Implementation

5.6. Water Quality Management in Estuaries

5.6.1. Assessment of Estuary Water Quality

5.7. Groundwater Quality Management

5.7.1. Measures of Water Quality

5.7.2. Chemical Analysis

5.7.3. Physical Analysis

5.7.4. Biological Analysis

5.7.5. Groundwater Samples

5.8. Groundwater Quality Scenario in India

5.9. Conclusion

Chapter 6: Groundwater

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Groundwater Development

6.3. Properties Affecting Groundwater

6.3.1. Aquifers

6.3.2. Porosity

6.3.3. Soil Classification

6.3.4. Specific Surface

6.3.5. Vertical Distribution of Groundwater

6.3.5.1. Zone of Aeration

6.3.5.2. Zone of Saturation

6.3.6. Specific Retention

6.3.7. Specific Yield

6.4. Basin Management

6.5. Darcy's Law

6.6. Hydrologic Equilibrium

6.7. Investigation of Groundwater Basin

6.8. Basin Management by Conjunctive Use

6.9. Well Hydraulic: Steady State

6.10. Well Hydraulic: Unsteady State

6.11. Groundwater Pollution

6.11.1. Municipal Sources

6.11.2. Industrial Source

6.11.3. Agricultural Source

6.11.4. Miscellaneous Sources

6.11.4.1. Roadway De-icing

6.11.4.2. Interchange Through Well

6.11.4.3. Cesspool and Septic Tank

6.11.4.4. Stockpiles

6.12. Conclusion

Chapter 7: Flood and Drought

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Rational Formula

7.2.1. Rainfall Intensity

7.2.2. Runoff Coefficient (C)

7.3. Empirical Formulae

7.3.1. Relationship Between Flood Peak and Area

7.3.2. Ryves Formula (1884)

7.3.3. Dickens Formula (1865)

7.3.4. Inglis Formula (1930)

7.3.5. Other Formulae

7.3.6. Envelope Curves

7.4. Flood Frequency Studies

7.4.1. Gumbel's Distribution

7.4.2. Log-Pearson Type III.

7.5. Design Flood

7.5.1. Design Flood

7.5.2. Spillway Design Flood

7.5.3. Standard Project Flood (SPF)

7.5.4. Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)

7.6. Design Storm

7.7. Risk, Reliability, and Safety Factor

7.7.1. Risk and Reliability

7.8. Drought

7.8.1. Meteorological Drought

7.8.2. Agricultural Drought

7.8.3. Hydrological Drought

7.8.4. Socio-economic Drought

7.8.5. Causes of Drought

7.8.5.1. Natural Causes

7.8.5.2. Fluctuating Ocean and Land Temperatures

7.8.5.3. Varying Patterns of Weather

7.8.5.4. Reduced Soil Moisture

7.8.5.5. Man-made Causes

7.8.5.6. Climate Change

7.8.5.8. Deforestation and Soil Degradation

7.9. How is Drought Monitored and Assessed?

7.9.1. Regression Analysis

7.9.1.1. Logistic Regression (LR)

7.9.1.2. Log-linear Models

7.9.2. Stochastic Modelling: Arima and Sarima

7.9.2.1. ARIMA

7.9.2.2. Seasonal ARIMA Models

7.9.3. Probabilistic Modelling: Markov Chain (MC)

7.9.4. Artificial Intelligence Based Models

7.9.4.1. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

7.9.4.2. Fuzzy Logic (FL)

7.9.4.3. Support Vector Machine (SVM)

7.9.4.4. Hybrid Models

7.9.5. Dynamic Modelling

7.10. Conclusion

Chapter 8: Sediment Sampling and Transport

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Sediment Sampling

8.2.1. Bed Load Transport

8.2.2. Bed Load Equations

8.2.2.1. Empirical Bed Load Equation

8.2.3. Saltation

8.3. Suspended Load Transport

8.3.1. Mechanism of Suspension

8.3.2. General Equation of Diffusion

8.3.3. Wash Load

8.3.4. Non-Equilibrium Transport of Suspended Sediment

8.3.4.1. Total Load Transport

8.4. Microscopic Methods

8.4.1. Einstein's Method

8.4.2. Macroscopic Method

8.4.3. Laursen's Method

8.4.3.1. Garde and Albertson's Equation

8.4.4. Some Approximate Methods

8.5. Sediment Yield from Catchment.

8.6. Conclusion.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-00-316804-3

1-003-16804-3

1-000-38673-2

9781003168041

OCLC:

1244627800