Processing of Biodegradable Polymers / edited by Samuel Kenig and Amos Ophir.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Kenig, Shmuel, editor.

Ophir, Amos, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Polymers.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (450 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Munich, Germany : Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, [2024]

Summary:

Biodegradable polymers (BDPs) based on renewable sources have been drawing scientific as well as industrial attention due to their potential to replace fossil derived polymers (FDPs) for a large number of applications. Furthermore, BDPs introduce the viability of bio-degradation at the end of their life cycle, thus reducing the environmental impact of most FDPs. This book covers the basic properties of BDPs according to their classifications, the rheology of BDPs and their blends, and their numerous applications, with an emphasis on processing: As BDPs possess attractive attributes compared to FDPs (which is discussed in the book), their processing has been investigated using conventional processing technologies. However, BDPs are sensitive to the processing conditions due to their composition, which is tuned to bio-degradation. Hence, special attention has been directed to minimize the in-process degradation and enhance their final processed properties. To remedy some of the BDP processing shortcomings, special additives, fillers, and blends have been incorporated and developed with minimal effect on the BDPs' bio-degradation rate. All of these aspects of BDP processing are considered in this book, including their characteristics in extrusion, injection molding, thermoforming, blow molding, and 3D printing, as well as the processing of recycled BDPs.

Contents:

Intro

List of Contributors

Preface

Contents

1 Biodegradable Polymers' Composition, Properties, Processing, and Applications

Anna Dotan, Amos Ophir, and Samuel Kenig

1.1 Introduction to Biodegradable Polymers and Biodegradability

1.1.1 Defining Biodegradable Polymers and Biodegradability

1.1.2 Fundamental Mechanisms of Degradation

1.1.3 Composting

1.2 Biodegradable Polymers' Composition, Processing, and Properties

1.2.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)

1.2.1.1 Composition and Properties

1.2.1.2 Biodegradation Mechanisms

1.2.1.3 Processability

1.2.2 Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)

1.2.3 Modified PET

1.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)

1.2.4.1 Composition and Properties

1.2.4.2 PHA Stabilization

1.2.4.3 Branched PHA

1.2.4.4 Properties of PHB

1.2.4.5 Biodegradability

1.2.4.6 Processability

1.2.5 PHBH Polyester

1.2.6 Water-Soluble, Biodegradable Polymers

1.2.6.1 Starch

1.2.6.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH)

1.2.6.3 Cellulose Ether

1.2.6.4 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

1.2.6.5 Polyacrylamide

1.2.6.6 Agarose

1.2.6.7 Polyethylene Oxide

1.2.6.8 Chitosan

1.2.6.9 Sodium Polyacrylate

1.3 Biodegradable Polymers - Summary of Properties

1.4 Biodegradable Polymer Blends, Copolymers, and Additives

1.4.1 PLA Blends, Copolymers, and Additives

1.4.1.1 PLA Additives

1.4.1.2 PLA Fillers

1.4.1.3 Biodegradable PLA Nanocomposites

1.4.2 PHA Blends, Copolymers, and Additives

1.4.2.1 PHA Blends

1.4.2.2 PHA Additives

1.4.3 PTMAT Blends

1.5 Conclusions

2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): Advancements in Blends, Biocomposites, and Their Commercialization

Debarshi Nath, Ehsan Pesaranhajiabbas, Akhilesh K. Pal, Bandaru Ramarao, Manjusri Misra, and Amar K. Mohanty

2.1 Introduction

2.2 PHA-Based Blends.

2.2.1 Non-Compatibilized Blends of PHAs and Biodegradable Polymers

2.2.2 Compatibilized PHA-Based Blends

2.3 PHA-Based Biocomposites and Nanocomposites

2.3.1 Filler-Based Biocomposites and Nanocomposites

2.3.2 Lignocellulosic Filler- and Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites

2.4 Biodegradation of PHA-Based Materials

2.4.1 Biodegradation Studies on PHA-Based Blends and Composites

2.4.1.1 Biodegradation Studies on PHAs and Their Blends

2.4.1.2 Biodegradation Studies on PHA-Based Biocomposites

2.5 Commercial Applications of PHAs

2.6 Conclusion

3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates as Biodegradable Biopolymers for a Circular Economy: Characteristics, Challenges, and Recent Advances

Chiara Magnani, Paloma Cabesa Segura, Baptiste Leroy, Giada Lo Re, Ruddy Wattiez, and Jean-Marie Raquez1

3.1 Introduction to PHAs

3.1.1 Production

3.1.2 Structural Aspects

3.1.3 Applications

3.1.4 Drawbacks

3.2 Reducing Production Costs of PHAs

3.2.1 Cheaper Carbon Sources

3.2.2 Photosynthetic Microorganisms

3.2.3 Mixed Cultures

3.2.4 Recombinant Bacteria

3.2.5 Valorization of By-Products

3.2.6 Improved Extraction Techniques

3.3 Improving Production Reproducibility of PHAs

3.4 Improving Performance of PHAs

3.4.1 Controlling Crystallization

3.4.2 Improving Mechanical Properties

3.4.3 Improving Thermal Stability and Processability

3.5 Conclusions

4 Manufacture of Biodegradable Polymers Using Reactive Extrusion Processing

Neha Mulchandani and Ramani Narayan

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Biodegradable Polymers for Managed End-of-Life

4.3 Manufacturing Biodegradable Polymers by Reactive Extrusion

4.4 Ring-Opening Polymerization by Reactive Extrusion

4.4.1 Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone

4.4.2 Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide

4.5 Chemical Modification by Grafting.

4.5.1 Poly(ε-caprolactone)-Grafted Chitosan

4.5.2 Poly(lactic acid)-Grafted Maleic Anhydride

4.5.3 Functionalization of Poly(lactic acid)

4.5.4 Poly(lactic acid)-Grafted Vinyltrimethoxysilane

4.5.5 Chemical Modification of Starch

4.6 Stereocomplexation in Poly(lactic acid)

4.7 Copolymerization by Reactive Extrusion

4.8 Preparation of Composites by Reactive Extrusion

4.9 Conclusions and Outlook

5 Thermal Processing of Natural-Based Biodegradable Polymers

Mondli Abednicko Masanabo, Mpho Phillip Motloung, M. Naushad Emmambux, and Suprakas Sinha Ray

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Thermal Processability of Natural Polymers

5.2.1 Starch

5.2.2 Cellulose

5.2.3 Proteins

5.3 Processing Techniques of Natural Polymers

5.3.1 Extrusion and Batch Processing

5.3.1.1 Starch

5.3.1.2 Cellulose

5.3.1.3 Proteins

5.3.1.4 Extrusion of Natural Polymer Blends

5.3.2 Extrusion Film-Blowing

5.3.2.1 Starch

5.3.2.2 Cellulose

5.3.2.3 Proteins

5.3.3 Injection Molding

5.3.3.1 Starch

5.3.3.2 Cellulose

5.3.3.3 Proteins

5.4 Discussion

5.5 Conclusions

6 Processing of Polysaccharides

Fengwei Xie

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Fundamentals of Polysaccharides

6.2.1 Starch

6.2.2 Cellulose

6.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan

6.2.4 Alginate

6.2.5 Pectin

6.3 Strategies to Formulate Polysaccharide-Based Materials

6.3.1 Dissolution and Plasticization

6.3.2 Polysaccharide-Based Blends

6.3.3 Polysaccharide-Based Nanocomposites

6.4 Processing of Polysaccharide-Based Materials

6.4.1 Wet Processing

6.4.2 Thermomechanical Processing

6.4.3 3D Printing

6.4.4 Electrospinning

6.5 Concluding Remarks

6.6 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter

7 Foam Injection Molding of Poly(lactic acid) Based on Physical Blowing Agents

Valentina Volpe, Fabiana Foglia, and Roberto Pantani.

7.1 Introduction

7.2 A General Description of Injection Molding

7.3 Foam Injection Molding

7.3.1 Structural Foam

7.3.2 Surface Appearance

7.4 Processing of Structural Foams

7.4.1 Low-Pressure Process

7.4.2 Low-Pressure with Co-Injection

7.4.3 Gas Counterpressure

7.4.4 High-Pressure Process

7.4.5 Mold Opening

7.5 Foaming Agents

7.5.1 Chemical Blowing Agents

7.5.2 Physical Blowing Agents

7.5.3 Other Foaming Methods

7.6 Machine Requirements

7.6.1 Control of Back Pressure

7.6.2 Screw Modification

7.6.3 Shut-Off Nozzle

7.6.4 Special Modification of the Injection System

7.7 Process Variables

7.8 Foam Injection Molding of PLA

7.8.1 Solubility of Physical Blowing Agents in PLA

7.8.2 Mold Temperature

7.8.3 Injection Flow Rate

7.8.4 Back Pressure

7.8.5 Foam Injection Molding with Mold Opening: Effect of Opening Rate

7.9 Foam Injection Molding of PLA: Additives and Compounds

7.9.1 Chemical Modification of PLA

7.9.2 Foam Injection Molding of PLA with Talc

7.9.3 Foam Injection Molding of PLA with Natural Fibers

7.9.4 Foam Injection Molding of PLA-Based Nanocomposites

7.9.5 PLA Blends and Compounds

7.10 Conclusions and Perspectives

8 Microfibrillation as a Facile Processing Technique to Produce Improved Biobased Thermoplastic Blends

Adel Ramezani Kakroodi, Yasamin Kazemi, and Chul B. Park

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Microstructure of Microfibrillar Composites

8.3 Effects of Microfibrillation on Rheological Properties of Bioplastics

8.4 Effects of Microfibrillation on Crystallization Behavior of Bioplastics

8.5 Effects of Microfibrillation on Mechanical Properties of Bioplastics

8.6 Effects of Microfibrillation on Foaming Ability of Bioplastics

8.7 Conclusions

9 Electrospinning of Biodegradable Polymers

Shih-Jung Liu

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Variants of the Electrospinning Process

9.2.1 Coaxial Electrospinning

9.2.2 Other Variants of Electrospinning

9.2.3 Needleless Electrospinning

9.2.4 Electrospraying

9.3 Effects of Processing Parameters on Electrospinning

9.4 Biodegradable Polymers for Electrospinning

9.4.1 Natural Polymers

9.4.1.1 DNA

9.4.1.2 Silk Fibroin

9.4.1.3 Fibrinogens

9.4.1.4 Dextran

9.4.1.5 Chitin and Chitosan

9.4.1.6 Collagen

9.4.1.7 Gelatin

9.4.1.8 Hyaluronic Acid

9.4.1.9 Cellulose

9.4.2 Synthetic Polymers

9.4.2.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)

9.4.2.2 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)

9.4.2.3 Polycaprolactone (PCL)

9.5 Summary

10 Heat Sealability of Biodegradable Polymers for Packaging Applications and Their Degradation

Ramin Yousefzadeh Tabasi and Abdellah Ajji

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Results and Discussion

10.3 Conclusions

Index.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-56990-874-5