Laser Sintering with Plastics : Technology, Processes, and Materials / Manfred Schmid.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Schmid, Manfred, 1958- author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Polymers.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (204 pages)

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Munich, Germany : Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, [2024]

Summary:

Laser Sintering (LS) with plastics is one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies: it is currently regarded as the process most likely in the future to permanently cross the border between prototyping and the production of functional parts. This step is challenging because it means that the technology must meet certain requirements that are also valid for traditional and established production processes. Only by succeeding at this step can a wide industry acceptance of LS be expected in the future. In this context, this book covers all levels of the LS process chain, including: - Current state of the machine technology - Essential process steps, both before and during sintering - Specific demands of the materials, powder production methods, and evaluation of powder properties - Mechanical properties and density of the parts produced by LS Examples of LS-produced parts are given, including those with special design features, to illustrate the characteristics and also the limitations of the LS method. In particular, the distinct advantages of LS parts over parts produced with other plastics processing methods (e.g., injection molding) are discussed-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Intro

The Author

Foreword

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Manufacturing Technology

1.2 Additive Manufacturing

1.2.1 Application Areas and Technology Drivers

1.2.2 Main Groups of Additive Manufacturing

1.3 Additive Manufacturing with Plastics

1.3.1 Vat Photopolymerization (VPP)

1.3.2 Material Extrusion (MEX)

1.3.3 Material Jetting Technology (MJT)

1.3.4 Powder Bed Fusion (PBF)

1.3.5 Comparison of AM Processes for Plastics

1.4 Laser Sintering (LS) with Plastics

2 Laser Sintering Technology

2.1 Machine Technology

2.1.1 Machine Configuration

2.1.2 Temperature Control

2.1.2.1 Heat Sources

2.1.2.2 Surface Temperature at the Build Area

2.1.2.3 Laser Energy Input, Andrew Number (AN)

2.1.3 Powder Supply and Powder Application

2.1.3.1 Internal and External Powder Supply

2.1.3.2 Powder State (Conditioning)

2.1.4 Powder Application

2.1.4.1 Blade and Powder Cartridge

2.1.4.2 Roll Coater

2.1.4.3 Combined Coating Systems

2.1.5 Optical Components

2.1.5.1 Laser Beam Positioning

2.1.5.2 Focus Correction

2.2 Machine Market

2.2.1 Industrial Laser Sintering Equipment

2.2.1.1 Company: Electro Optical Systems, EOS (Germany)

2.2.1.2 Company: 3D Systems (USA)

2.2.1.3 Company: Farsoon Technologies (China)

2.2.1.4 Other Manufacturers of LS Equipment

2.2.2 Pilot Plant and Research &amp

Development Facilities

2.2.2.1 R&amp

D Plants with CO2 Lasers

2.2.2.2 R&amp

D Systems with Laser Diodes

3 The Laser Sintering Process

3.1 Process Chain

3.1.1 Powder Supply

3.1.2 Data Preparation and Build Job

3.1.3 Build Process

3.1.3.1 Heating Up

3.1.3.2 Process Flow

3.1.3.3 Parts and Building Chamber Parameters

3.1.3.4 Exposure Strategy

3.1.3.5 Cooling and Unpacking

3.1.4 Process Error

3.1.4.1 Deformation of the Parts.

3.1.4.2 Surface Defects: Orange Peel

3.1.4.3 Other Process Errors

3.2 Qualification for Industrial Series Production

3.2.1 Product-Related Processes

3.2.1.1 Pre-Process

3.2.1.2 In-Process

3.2.1.3 Post-Process

3.2.1.4 Process Validation

3.2.2 Functional Processes

3.2.2.1 Feedstock Management

3.2.2.2 Qualification of the Laser Sintering Machine

3.2.2.3 Qualification of the Laser Sintering Process

3.2.3 Status of Standardization

4 Laser Sintering Materials: Polymer Properties

4.1 Polymers

4.1.1 Polymerization

4.1.2 Chemical Structure (Morphology)

4.1.3 Thermal Behavior

4.1.4 Polymer Processing

4.1.5 Viscosity and Molecular Weight

4.2 Key Properties of LS Polymers

4.2.1 Thermal Properties

4.2.1.1 Crystallization and Melting (Sintering Window)

4.2.1.2 Heat Capacity (cp) and Enthalpy (ΔHc, ΔHm)

4.2.1.3 Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Radiation

4.2.1.4 Modeling of the Processes in the Sintering Window

4.2.2 Rheology of the Polymer Melt

4.2.2.1 Melt Viscosity

4.2.2.2 Surface Tension

4.2.3 Optical Properties

4.2.3.1 Absorption

4.2.3.2 Transmission and (Diffuse) Reflection

5 Laser Sintering Materials: Polymer Powder

5.1 Powder Production for Laser Sintering

5.1.1 Emulsion, Suspension, and Solution Polymerization

5.1.2 Precipitation from Solutions

5.1.3 Grinding and Mechanical Comminution

5.1.4 Melt Emulsification

5.1.5 Laser Sintering Powder Production at a Glance

5.1.6 Other Powder Manufacturing Processes

5.2 Powder Properties for Laser Sintering

5.2.1 Powder Density

5.2.1.1 Particle Shape and Surface

5.2.1.2 Particle Size Distribution (Number and Volume Distribution)

5.2.2 Powder Rheology

5.2.3 Measurement of Powder Flowability

5.2.3.1 Hausner Ratio (HR)

5.2.3.2 Rotating Powder Analysis

5.2.3.3 Flow Agents.

6 Laser Sintering Materials: Commercial Materials

6.1 Polyamide (Nylon)

6.1.1 Polyamide 12 (PA 12)

6.1.1.1 Particle Size Distribution and Particle Form

6.1.1.2 Thermal Properties

6.1.1.3 Crystal Structure

6.1.1.4 Molecular Weight and Post-Condensation

6.1.1.5 Powder Aging

6.1.1.6 Property Combination of PA 12

6.1.2 Polyamide 11 (PA 11)

6.1.3 Comparison of PA 12 and PA 11

6.1.4 Compound Materials of PA 12 and PA 11

6.1.5 Flame-Retardant Materials Based on PA 12 and PA 11

6.1.6 Other Polyamides (PA 6, PA 613, PA 1212)

6.2 Other Laser Sintering Polymers

6.2.1 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPU, TPA, TPC)

6.2.2 High-Performance Polymers (PAEK, PPS)

6.2.3 Polyolefins (PP, PE)

6.2.4 Polyesters (PBT, PET)

6.2.5 Thermosets

7 Laser-Sintered Parts

7.1 Component Properties

7.1.1 Mechanical Properties

7.1.1.1 Short-Term Loading: Tensile Test

7.1.1.2 Laser Sintering Parameters

7.1.1.3 Component Density

7.1.1.4 Partial Melting (DoPM)

7.1.1.5 Anisotropy of Component Properties

7.1.1.6 Long-Term Resistance

7.1.2 Component Surfaces

7.1.2.1 Influencing Parameters

7.1.2.2 Roughness Determination

7.1.2.3 Surface Processing

7.1.2.4 Finishing

7.2 Applications and Examples

7.2.1 Prototype Construction and Small Series

7.2.2 Function Integration

7.2.3 Part List Reduction

7.2.4 Individualization and Personalization

7.2.5 Business Models and Outlook

Index.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-56990-337-9

1-56990-929-6