Peripheral Nerve Disorders.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Said, G. (Gerard)

Contributor:

Krarup, Christian.

Series:

Issn Series

Issn Series ; v.Volume 115

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nerves, Peripheral--Diseases.

Nerves, Peripheral -- Diseases.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1008 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

San Diego : Elsevier, 2013.

Contents:

Front Cover

Peripheral Nerve Disorders

Copyright

Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

Contents

Section 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: Prelude to the peripheral neuropathies

Section 2: Structure and function

Chapter 2: Microscopic anatomy: normal structure

The nerve trunk

Nerve fibers

Myelinated fibers

Myelin

Node of Ranvier

Paranode

Juxtaparanode

Incisures of Schmidt-Lanterman

Schwann cells

Axons

Axonal cytoskeleton

Axonal transport

Unmyelinated fibers

Connective tissue

Endoneurium

Perineurium

Blood nerve barrier

Epineurium

Development

Aging

Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Gross anatomy and development of the peripheral nervous system

Introduction

Gross anatomy

Somatic PNS

Cervical plexus

Brachial plexus

Musculocutaneous, scapulary, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves

Thoracic nerves

Lumbo-sacral plexus

Femoral, obturator, sciatic, tibial, and common fibular nerves

Autonomous nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Cranial nerves

CN III (common oculomotor nerve), CN IV (trochlear nerve), and CN VI (abducens motor nerve)

CN V (trigeminal nerve)

CN VII (facial nerve)

CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

CN X (vagus nerve)

CN XI (accessory nerve)

CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

Myelination

Development of the PNS

PNS motor and preganglionic autonomic neurons develop from the neural tube

Gastrulation

Neural induction

Neurulation

Ventralizing the neural tube

PNS sensory neurons, postganglionic neurons, and Schwann cells develop from the neural crest

Induction of neural crest cells

Epithelio-mesenchymal transition

Migration

Segmentation into spinal nerves.

What governs the formation of the shape of the plexus?

Maintaining a boundary between central and peripheral nervous system

The growth cone

Survival factors

Conclusion

Chapter 4: Physiology and pathophysiology of myelinated nerve fibers

Axonal structure and function

Fluctuations in excitability with impulse transmission

Assessment of nerve excitability in a clinical setting

Mechanisms of conduction block

Activity-dependent conduction block

Revised view of saltatory conduction

Impulse conduction in demyelinating neuropathies

Multifocal motor neuropathy, axonal hyperpolarization, and conduction block

Chapter 5: Biology of Schwann cells

Schwann cell development and differentiation

Schwann cell-axon interactions are mediated through neuregulin-ErbB signaling

Schwann cell basal lamina interactions

Biology of Schwann cell myelination

Compact myelin

P0 Protein

Peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP-22)

Myelin basic protein (MBP)

P2 Protein

Noncompact myelin regions

Junctional complexes

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)

2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP)

Paranodal loops

Axoglial septate-like junctions

Nodal microvilli and "gap substance

Internodal adaxonal (periaxonal) membrane

Juxtaparanodal membranes

Schmidt-Lanterman incisures

Schwann cell soma and external cytoplasmic channels

The cell biology of Schwann cell myelination

Protein sorting and transport

Unfolded protein response

mRNA trafficking

Organization of the microtubule network

The actin cytoskeleton mediates spiral and longitudinal growth

Nonmyelinating (remak) Schwann cells

Schwann cells in wallerian degeneration and regeneration

Conclusions and perspectives.

References

Chapter 6: Neurophysiological approach to disorders of peripheral nerve

Pathological changes in peripheral nerve disorders

Electromyography (emg)

Methods

Recordings at rest

Motor unit potentials at weak effort

Maximal voluntary contraction

Nerve conduction studies

Changes in compound action potentials

Motor nerve conduction

Sensory nerve conduction

Nerve conduction velocity

Localization of nerve lesion with axonal loss

Special studies

Studies of autonomic nerve fibers and small nerve fibers

Receptor function studies

Terminal latency index

Neurophysiological index

Motor unit number estimation

Nerve excitability studies

Relation between clinical manifestations and neurophysiological findings

Differential diagnosis of the patient with peripheral nerve disorders

Mononeuropathies/multiple mononeuropathies

Mononeuropathies/multiple mononeuropathies with axonal loss (subtypes 1A, 2A)

Vasculitis

Plexus or root lesions

Demyelinating mononeuropathies/multiple mononeuropathies (subtypes 1B, 2B)

Peripheral nerve entrapment and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy

Multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy and multifocal motor neuropathy

Polyneuropathies with axonal loss and an acute/subacute onset (subtype 3a)

Acute motor axonal neuropathy and acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy

Subacute sensory neuronopathy

Porphyric neuropathy

Critical illness polyneuropathy - myopathy (CIP-CIM)

Polyneuropathies with axonal loss and slow onset (subtype 3b)

Demyelinating polyneuropathy with acute/subacute onset (subtype 3c)

Demyelinating polyneuropathy with slow onset (subtype 3d)

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy

Polyneuropathies associated with monoclonal gammopathy.

Hereditary demyelinating neuropathy

Chapter 7: Testing the autonomic nervous system

History

Background physiology

Physiology of parasympathetic cardiac control

Efferent neural circuitry and effects on cardiac function

Cardiovascular reflexes influencing cardiovagal nerve activity

Cardiovagal tone versus cardiovagal modulation

Physiology of sympathetic cardiovascular control

Efferent neural circuitry and effector organ responses

Reflex control of sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure

Central control of SNA and blood pressure

Physiology of sudomotor function

Molecular determinants of autonomic control

Clinical tests of autonomic function

Tests of cardiovagal function

HR variability with deep respiration

The HR response to a Valsalva maneuver

HR response to postural change

Tests of sympathetic adrenergic function

Blood pressure response to active standing and passive tilting

Blood pressure response to a Valsalva maneuver

Isometric exercise

Cold pressor and mental stress test

Assessment of sympathetic cholinergic sudomotor function

Thermoregulatory sweat test

The quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test

The sweat imprint

Skin potentials

Quantitative direct and indirect reflex test

Research tests

Spectral analysis

Microneurography

Baroreflex assessment

Chapter 8: Imaging of the peripheral nervous system

Magnetic resonance imaging

Basic principles of nerve and muscle imaging by MRI

MRI findings in injured nerves

MR findings in denervated muscles

Detection of blood-nerve barrier disturbances and neuroinflammation by novel MR contrast agents

Blood-nerve barrier

Nerve inflammation

Clinical applications of MRI and MR neurography

Nerve tumors.

Imaging of traumatic and compressive nerve lesions

Plexus and nerve lesions caused by trauma or radiation

Entrapment neuropathies at the upper extremities

Painful nerve compression syndromes at the lower extremities

Imaging of inflammatory nerve disorders

Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuritis, and focal mononeuritis

Multifocal motoneuronopathy (MNN) and pure motor syndromes

Ultrasound

Basic principles of nerve imaging using US

Peripheral nerve tumors

Entrapment neuropathies, nerve trauma, and inflammation

Acknowledgment

Chapter 9: The nerve biopsy: indications, technical aspects, and contribution

Introduction: indications

Surgical procedure

Aftercare

Complications

Laboratory techniques

Handling

Fixation and dehydration

Semithin sectioning

Ultrathin sections

Teasing

Histochemistry

Immunohistochemistry

Morphometry

Interpretation

Diagnostic findings

Light microscopy

Demyelination versus degeneration

Intracellular inclusions

Extracellular deposits

Blood vessels

Ultrastructural changes

General

Specific diagnostic pathological changes

Myelin stripping

Widely spaced myelin

Focally folded myelin sheaths

Lipid inclusions

Neurofilaments

Leprosy bacilli

Polyglucosan bodies

Amyloid

Extracellular fibrin deposits

Nonspecific abnormalities

Schwann cell basal lamina

Uncompacted myelin

Intramyelinic edema

Luse bodies

Reich granules

Other nonspecific ultrastructural abnormalities

Artefacts, pitfalls, and distractions

Chapter 10: The cutaneous nerve biopsy: technical aspects, indications, and contribution

Short review of the normal innervation of the skin.

Technical aspects of skin biopsy for studying cutaneous nerve fibers.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Other Format:

Print version: Said, Gérard Peripheral Nerve Disorders

ISBN:

9780444633552

OCLC:

857277776