Future Energy : Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for Our Planet.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Letcher, Trevor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Renewable energy sources.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (739 pages)

Edition:

2nd ed.

Place of Publication:

San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2013.

Contents:

Front Cover

Future Energy

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

List of Contributors

I: Introduction

1 Introduction with a Focus on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change

1.1 Why Is It Important to Consider Our Future Energy Options?

1.1.1 Society's Needs

1.2 The Need for a Sustainable, Safe and Non-polluting Energy Source

1.3 Climate Change

1.4 Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Change

1.5 What Are Our Options for Electricity Generation?

1.6 What Are Our Options for Transport Fuel?

1.7 The Situation in the World Today

1.8 How Can We Reduce the Stranglehold of Fossil Fuels?

References

II: Fossil Fuels (Energy Sources)

2 Conventional Oil and Gas

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

2.2.1 Hydrocarbon Location and Formation Evaluation

2.2.2 Hydrocarbon Types

2.3 Hydrocarbon Recovery, Reserves, Production and Consumption

2.3.1 Energy Supply and Demand

2.3.2 Conventional Oil and Gas

2.3.2.1 LNG and Natural Gas Processing

2.3.2.2 Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery

2.3.2.3 Hydraulic Fracturing and Matrix Acidizing

2.3.2.4 Shale Hydrocarbon

2.4 Global Warming and the Hydrocarbon Economy

2.4.1 Energy and the Economy

2.4.2 Mitigating CO2 Emissions from Hydrocarbon Combustion

2.5 Conclusion

3 Coal Processing and Use for Power Generation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Coal Reserves, Production and Use

3.2.1 Coal Reserves and Production

3.2.2 Coal Use

3.3 Coal Properties

3.3.1 Coal Composition

3.3.2 Coal Characteristics Desired for Power Generation

3.4 Processing of Coal Before Combustion

3.4.1 Coal Preparation

3.4.2 Cleaning High Sulphur Coals

3.4.3 Removal of Other Contaminants

3.4.4 Preparation of Ultra-Clean Coal

3.4.5 Coal Dewatering and Drying

3.5 Clean Coal Technologies.

3.5.1 Pre-combustion Technologies

3.5.2 Combustion Technologies

3.5.3 Post-Combustion Technologies

3.5.4 Carbon Capture and Sequestration

3.6 Role of Coal in the Energy Mix for the Future

3.7 Conclusions

4 Frontier Oil and Gas: Deep-Water and the Arctic

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Deep-Water

4.2.1 Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Facilities

4.3 Arctic

4.4 Clathrate Hydrates

4.4.1 Hydrates in Flow Assurance

4.4.2 Hydrates for Energy

4.5 Geothermal-Geopressurised Natural Gas

5 Unconventional Oil and Gas: Oilsands

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Bitumen Production from Oilsands

5.2.1 Extraction of Mined Oilsands

5.2.2 In Situ Production

5.3 Transport Fuel Production from Bitumen

5.4 Bitumen Characterisation

5.4.1 Properties of Bitumen

5.4.2 Asphaltenes

5.5 Bitumen Upgrading Processes

5.5.1 Visbreaking

5.5.2 Coking

5.5.3 Residue Hydroconversion

5.6 Future of Oilsands

5.6.1 Energy Use in Oilsands Production and Bitumen Upgrading

5.6.2 Water Management in Oilsands Production

5.6.3 Improving Bitumen Upgrading Technology

6 Shale-Hosted Hydrocarbons and Hydraulic Fracturing

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Shale-Hosted Hydrocarbons

6.2.1 Oil Shale

6.2.2 Oil-Bearing Shale

6.2.3 Gas Shale

6.2.4 Potential Resources

6.2.4.1 Shale Oil

6.2.4.2 Shale-Hosted Oil

6.2.4.3 Shale Gas

6.3 Extraction Methods

6.3.1 Oil Shale Retorting

6.3.1.1 Mining and Surface Processing

6.3.1.2 In Situ Retorting

6.3.1.3 In-Capsule Retorting

6.3.1.4 Environmental Concerns

6.3.2 Oil and Gas Production from Shale

6.3.2.1 Horizontal Drilling

6.3.2.2 Hydraulic Fracturing

6.3.2.3 Microseismic Monitoring

6.3.2.4 Environmental Concerns

6.4 The Future of Shale-Hosted Hydrocarbons: Production Projections

6.4.1 Shale Oil.

6.4.2 Shale-Hosted Oil

6.4.3 Shale Gas

6.5 Conclusions

7 Coal Bed Methane: Reserves, Production and Future Outlook

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Properties and Origin of Coal Bed Gas

7.3 CBM Availability and Production

7.4 Drilling and Extraction Techniques

7.5 Environmental Issues of CBM Extraction

7.6 Future Outlook

8 Methane Hydrates

8.1 Background

8.2 Estimates of Gas Hydrate Resources

8.2.1 Marine Gas Hydrate Resources

8.2.2 Permafrost-Associated Gas Hydrate Resources

8.3 Gas Hydrate Exploration

8.4 Gas Hydrate Production Technology

8.4.1 Depressurisation

8.4.2 CO2−CH4 Exchange

8.4.3 Review of Gas Hydrate Production Challenges

8.5 Conclusions

III: Nuclear Power (Energy Sources)

9 Nuclear Fission

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Nuclear Fuel

9.1.2 Nuclear Fission

9.1.3 Controlled Fission Reactions

9.2 Nuclear Reactor Technology

9.2.1 Development of Nuclear Reactors

9.2.2 The Past

9.2.3 The Present

9.2.4 Advanced Reactor Technology

9.2.4.1 Very High Temperature Reactor

9.2.4.2 Liquid Metal-Cooled Fast Reactor

9.2.4.3 Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor

9.2.4.4 Molten Salt Reactor

9.2.4.5 Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor

9.3 Managing Irradiated Fuel

9.3.1 Open and Closed Fuel Cycles

9.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Open and Closed Fuel Cycles

9.3.3 Current Status of Fuel Cycles

9.4 Thorium as an Alternative Fuel

9.4.1 Properties of Thorium

9.4.2 Potential of Thorium Fuels

9.5 Practicalities of Nuclear Energy

9.5.1 Practicalities

9.5.2 Safety

9.5.3 Waste Management

9.5.4 Siting and Public Acceptance

9.5.5 Fuel Supply

9.5.6 Proliferation

9.6 Conclusions

10 Nuclear Fusion

10.1 What Is Nuclear Fusion

10.2 Desirable Characteristics of Fusion Power.

10.3 Why Fusion Power Is Difficult

10.4 Approaches to Fusion Reactors

10.4.1 Inertial Confinement Fusion

10.4.2 Magnetic Confinement Fusion

10.5 Economics of Fusion Energy

10.6 Prospects for Fusion Energy

IV: Transport Energy (Energy Sources)

11 Biofuels for Transport

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Biofuels for Transport

11.3 Biofuels in the World Today

11.3.1 Sugar Cane Bioethanol from Sucrose

11.3.2 Corn Bioethanol from Starch

11.3.3 Lignocellulosic Ethanol

11.3.4 Ethanol Through Chemical Catalysis

11.3.5 Biodiesel

11.3.6 Aviation Biofuels

11.4 Biofuel Policies and Perspectives

11.4.1 Ethanol in the United States

11.4.2 Ethanol and Biodiesel in Europe

11.4.3 Ethanol in Brazil

11.4.3.1 The Brazilian Model for Sugar-Ethanol Production

11.5 Sustainability Challenges

11.5.1 Land Use and Biofuels

11.5.2 The Ethical Imperative of Biofuels

11.6 Scientific Challenges and Opportunities

11.7 Perspectives and Conclusions

12 Transport Fuel: Biomass-, Coal-, Gas- and Waste-to-Liquids Processes

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Overview of Alternative Carbon Feed-to-Liquid (XTL) Processes

12.2.1 Overview of Oil Recovery by Direct Liquefaction

12.2.2 Overview of Oil Production by Indirect Liquefaction

12.2.3 Overview of Transport Fuel Production by Synthetic Oil Refining

12.3 Direct Liquefaction

12.3.1 Conversion Principles

12.3.2 Oil Quality

12.3.3 Refining to Transport Fuels

12.4 Indirect Liquefaction

12.4.1 Synthesis Gas from Natural Gas Reforming

12.4.2 Synthesis Gas from Biomass, Coal and Waste Gasification

12.4.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

12.4.4 Refining Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Oil to Transport Fuels

12.4.5 Methanol Synthesis

12.4.6 Refining Methanol to Transport Fuels

12.5 Environmental Footprint of Liquefaction.

12.5.1 Upstream Environmental Impact

12.5.2 Downstream Environmental Impact

12.5.3 Environmental Impact of Product Use

12.6 Future Energy

13 Transport Fuel - LNG and Methane

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Sources of Natural Gas

13.3 Natural Gas Extraction

13.4 Natural Gas Reserves

13.4.1 Thermogenic Natural Gas

13.4.2 Biogenic Natural Gas

13.4.3 Synthetic Natural Gas

13.5 Utilisation of Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel

13.5.1 Direct Usage

13.5.2 Indirect Usage

13.6 Regional Trends in NGVs

13.7 Prospects for the Future Use of Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel

13.8 Conclusions

V: Transport Energy (Energy Storage)

14 Transport Energy - Lithium Ion Batteries

14.1 Background

14.2 Lithium Ion Battery Types and Materials

14.3 Overview of Battery Performance and Expectations

14.3.1 Performance and Operation Diagnostics

14.3.1.1 Power Versus Energy

14.3.1.2 Life-Cycle Performances

14.3.1.3 Impact of Temperature on the Energy Performances

14.4 Future Technologies

14.4.1 Lithium Air

14.4.2 Zinc Air

14.4.3 Lithium Sulphur

14.4.4 Lithium Tin

14.4.5 Lithium Silicon

14.5 Conclusions

VI: Renewables (Energy Sources)

15 Wind Energy

15.1 The Global Resource

15.2 Resource Assessment

15.2.1 The Planetary Boundary Layer and the Log Law

15.2.2 Estimating the Long-Term Wind Resource at a Site

15.3 Wind Turbine Technology

15.3.1 Offshore Developments

15.3.2 Operations and Maintenance

15.4 Power System Integration

15.4.1 Network Reinforcement Including HVDC

15.4.2 Emulation of Conventional Generation by Wind Plant

15.4.3 Energy Storage

15.4.4 Responsive Loads and Demand Side Management

15.4.5 Making Use of IT for Improved Power System Operation

15.5 Environmental Impact.

15.6 Future Developments and Research Requirements.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Other Format:

Print version: Letcher, Trevor Future Energy

ISBN:

9780080994222

OCLC:

880877941