Water Quality Engineering : Physical / Chemical Treatment Processes.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Benjamin, Mark M.

Contributor:

Lawler, Desmond F.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Water--Purification.

Water.

Sewage--Purification.

Sewage -- Purification.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (907 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2013.

Summary:

Explains the fundamental theory and mathematics of water and wastewater treatment processes By carefully explaining both the underlying theory and the underlying mathematics, this text enables readers to fully grasp the fundamentals of physical and chemical treatment processes for water and wastewater. Throughout the book, the authors use detailed examples to illustrate real-world challenges and their solutions, including step-by-step mathematical calculations. Each chapter ends with a set of problems that enable readers to put their knowledge into practice by developing and analyzing complex processes for the removal of soluble and particulate materials in order to ensure the safety of our water supplies. Designed to give readers a deep understanding of how water treatment processes actually work, Water Quality Engineering explores: Application of mass balances in continuous flow systems, enabling readers to understand and predict changes in water quality Processes for removing soluble contaminants from water, including treatment of municipal and industrial wastes Processes for removing particulate materials from water Membrane processes to remove both soluble and particulate materials Following the discussion of mass balances in continuous flow systems in the first part of the book, the authors explain and analyze water treatment processes in subsequent chapters by setting forth the relevant mass balance for the process, reactor geometry, and flow pattern under consideration. With its many examples and problem sets, Water Quality Engineering is recommended as a textbook for graduate courses in physical and chemical treatment processes for water and wastewater. By drawing together the most recent research findings and industry practices, this text is also recommended for professional environmental engineers in search of a contemporary

perspective on water and wastewater treatment processes.

Contents:

Water Quality Engineering: Physical/Chemical Treatment Processes Analysis

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I: Reactors and Reactions in water Quality Engineering

1 Mass Balances

1.1 Introduction: The Mass Balance Concept

1.2 The Mass Balance for a System with Unidirectional Flow and Concentration Gradient

The Storage Term

The Advective Term

The Diffusion and Dispersion Terms

The Chemical Reaction Term

Combining the Terms into the Overall Mass Balance

The Differential Form of the One-Dimensional Mass Balance

1.3 The Mass Balance for a System with Flow and Concentration Gradients in Arbitrary Directions

The Advection Term

The Storage and Reaction Terms

The Overall Mass Balance

1.4 The Differential Form of the Three-Dimensional Mass Balance

1.5 Summary

References

Problems

2 Continuous Flow Reactors: Hydraulic Characteristics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Residence Time Distributions

Tracers

Pulse Input Response

Step Input Response

Statistics of Probability Distributions and the Mean Hydraulic Detention Time

2.3 Ideal Reactors

Plug Flow Reactors

Pulse Input to a PFR: Fixed Frame of Reference (Eulerian View)

Pulse Input to a PFR: Moving Frame of Reference (Lagrangian View)

Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors

Pulse Input to a CFSTR

Step input to a CFSTR

2.4 Nonideal Reactors

Tracer Output from Nonideal Reactors

Relating Tracer Input and Output Curves via the Convolution Integral

Modeling Residence Time Distributions of Nonideal Reactors

PFR with Dispersion

CFSTRs in Series

Modeling Short-Circuiting and Dead Space

PFRs in Parallel and Series: Segregated Flow and Early Versus Late Mixing

Nonequivalent CFSTRs in Series

Simple Indices of Hydraulic Behavior

2.5 Equalization.

Flow Equalization

Concentration Equalization

Concurrent Flow and Concentration Equalization

2.6 Summary

Appendix 2A. Introduction to Laplace Transforms as a Method of Solving (Certain) Differential Equations

Examples of the Use of Laplace Transforms

3 Reaction Kinetics

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Fundamentals

Terminology

The Kinetics of Elementary Reactions

Frequency of Molecular Collisions

Energetics of Molecular Collisions

The Kinetics of Nonelementary Reactions

Power Law and Other Rate Expressions for Nonelementary Reactions

3.3 Kinetics of Irreversible Reactions

The Mass Balance for Batch Reactors with Irreversible Reactions

The Integral Method of Reaction Rate Analysis

Analysis of Reaction Half-Times

Kinetics Expressions Containing Terms for the Concentrations of More Than One Reactive Species

The Differential Method of Reaction Rate Analysis

Analysis of Nonpower-Law Rate Expressions

Characteristic Reaction Times

3.4 Kinetics of Reversible Reactions

Reversible Reactions

Characteristic Times and Limiting Cases for Reversible Reactions

Simplification of Reaction Rate Expressions for Limiting Cases

Very Rapid and Very Slow Approach to Equilibrium as Limiting Cases

Reaction Quotients, Equilibrium, and the Assumption of Irreversibility

Nearly Complete Reaction as a Limiting Case

Summary of Limiting Cases

3.5 Kinetics of Sequential Reactions

The Progress of Consecutive Reactions and the Rate-Controlling Step

The Thermodynamics of Sequential Reactions

Steady State: Definition and Comparison with Chemical Equilibrium

3.6 The Temperature Dependence of the Rates of Nonelementary Reactions

3.7 Summary

4 Continuous Flow Reactors: Performance Characteristics with Reaction

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Extent of Reaction in Single Ideal Reactors at Steady State

Extent of Reaction in a Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor at Steady State

First-Order Irreversible Reactions

Non-First-Order Irreversible Reactions

Extent of Reaction in a Plug Flow Reactor at Steady State

Fixed Frame of Reference (Eulerian View)

Moving Frame of Reference (Lagrangian View)

Irreversible nth-Order Reactions

Comparison of CFSTRs and PFRs for Irreversible Reactions

4.3 Extent of Reaction in Systems Composed of Multiple Ideal Reactors at Steady State

PFRs in Series

Application to Chemical Disinfection

CFSTRs or PFRs in Parallel

Using Reactors with Flow to Derive Rate Expressions

4.4 Extent of Reaction in Reactors with Nonideal Flow

Fraction Remaining Based on the Exit Age Distribution

Fraction Remaining Based on the Dispersion Model

Summary of Steady-State Performance in Nonideal Reactors

4.5 Extent of Reaction Under Non-Steady-Conditions in Continuous Flow Reactors

Extent of Conversion in PFRs Under Non-Steady-State Conditions

Extent of Conversion in CFSTRs Under Non-Steady-State Conditions

Extent of Conversion in Nonideal Reactors Under Non-Steady-State Conditions

4.6 Summary

Part II: Removal of Dissolved Constituents From water

5 Gas Transfer Fundamentals

5.1 Introduction

Importance of Gas Transfer in Environmental Engineering

Overview of Gas/Liquid Equilibrium

Overview of Transport and Reaction Kinetics in Gas Transfer Processes

Incorporating Gas Transfer into Mass Balances

Chapter Overview

5.2 Types of Engineered Gas Transfer Systems

5.3 Henry's Law and Gas/Liquid Equilibrium

Volatilization and Dissolution as a Chemical Reaction.

Partition Coefficients, Equilibrium Constants, and the Formal Definition of Henry's Law

Dimensions of cL, cG, and Henry's Law Constant

Factors Affecting Gas/Liquid Equilibrium

5.4 Relating Changes in the Gas and Liquid Phases

5.5 Mechanistic Models for Gas Transfer

Fluid Dynamics and Mass Transport in the Interfacial Region

The Mass Balance on a Volatile Species Near a Gas/Solution Interface

Gas Transfer and Transport Through a Fluid Packet at the Interface

Flux Under Limiting-Case Scenarios: Short and Long Packet Residence Times

Accounting for the Packet Age and Packet Residence Time Distribution

The Gas Transfer Coefficient and Its Interpretation

5.6 The Overall Gas Transfer Rate Coefficient, KL

The Combined Resistance of the Gas and Liquid Phases

Comparing Gas-Phase and Liquid-Phase Resistances

Coupled Transport and Reaction

5.7 Evaluating kL, kG, KL, and a: Effects of Hydrodynamic and Other Operating Conditions

Approaches for Estimating Gas Transfer Rate Coefficients

Gas-in-Liquid Systems

Liquid-in-Gas Systems

Effects of Other Parameters on Gas Transfer Rate Constants

Temperature

Solution Chemistry

5.8 Summary

Appendix 5A. Conventions Used for Concentrations and Activity Coefficients When Computing Henry's Constants

Overview

Conventions for the Physicochemical Environment in the Standard State

Appendix 5B. Derivation of the Gas Transfer Rate Expression for Volatile Species That Undergo Rapid Acid/Base Reactions

6 Gas Transfer: Reactor Design and Analysis

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Case I: Gas Transfer in Systems with a Well-Mixed Liquid Phase

The Overall Gas Transfer Rate Expression for Case I Systems

Analysis of Case I Systems in Batch Liquid Reactors

Limiting Cases of the General Kinetic Expression

Overview.

Macroscopic (Advective) Limitation on the Gas Transfer Rate

Microscopic (Interfacial) Limitation on the Gas Transfer Rate

Summary of Rate Limitations on Overall Gas Transfer Rate

Case I Systems with Continuous Liquid Flow at Steady State

Reactors with Plug Flow of Liquid

Reactors with Flow and a Uniform Liquid-Phase Composition (CFSTRs with Respect to Liquid)

Case I CFSTRs in Series

Design Constraints and Choices for Case I Systems with Flow

6.3 Case II: Gas Transfer in Systems with Spatial Variations in the Concentrations of Both Solution and Gas

The Mass Balance Around a Section of a Gas Transfer Tower: The Operating Line

The Mass Balance Around a Differential Section of a Gas Transfer Tower: Development of the Design Equation for Case II Systems

Pressure Loss and Liquid Holdup

Use of the Design Equation for Case II Systems

Description of the Influent Stream, Treatment Objectives, and Design Assumptions

Exploration of Feasible Designs for Meeting the Treatment Criteria

Sensitivity of the Column Size to Design Choices and Uncertainty in Parameter Values

Case II Systems Other than Packed Columns

6.4 Summary

Appendix 6A. Evaluation of KLa in Gas-in-Liquid Systems for Biological Treatment

7 Adsorption Processes: Fundamentals

7.1 Introduction

Background and Chapter Overview

Terminology and Overview of Adsorption Phenomena

7.2 Examples of Adsorption in Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems

Use of Activated Carbon for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Sorption of NOM During Coagulation of Drinking Water

Sorption of Cationic Metals onto Fe and Al Oxides

Reactors for Adsorption onto Metal Hydroxide Solids

7.3 Conceptual, Molecular-Scale Models for Adsorption

Two Views of the Interface and Adsorption Equilibrium.

Adsorption as a Surface Complexation Reaction.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Other Format:

Print version: Benjamin, Mark M. Water Quality Engineering

ISBN:

9781118632307

OCLC:

851972211