Innovations in army energy and power materials technologies / edited by Edward C. Shaffer, Tsvetanka S. Zheleva.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Shaffer, Edward Charles, editor.

Zheleva, Tsvetanka S., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Military art and science--Technological innovations--United States.

Military art and science.

High technology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (728 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Millersville, PA : Materials Research Forum LLC, [2018]

Summary:

This compendium reports fundamental science and engineering advances of the US Army Research Labratory (ARL) within the area of Energy and Power technologies. Keywords: Biomaterials, Structural Materials, High Strain Materials, Ballistic Materials, Manufacturing Science, Electrochemical Energy Storage, Batteries, Capacitors, Electrochemical Energy Conversion, Fuel Cells, Photoelectrochemistry, Photochemistry, High Voltage Electrolytes, Li-ion Batteries, Li-ion Chemistry, Lithium-Sulphur Batteries, Nuclear Metastables, Pyroelectric Energy Conversion, Charged Quantum Dots, High-Efficiency Photovoltaics, IR Sensing, GaN Power Schottky Diodes, Threshold-Voltage Instability, Reliability Testing, SiC MOSFETs, Power Electronics Packaging, High Voltage 4H-SiC GTOs, Silicon Carbide, Avalanche Breakdown Diode, SiC PiN Diodes, Thyristor Protection, Compact DC-DC Battery Chargers.

Contents:

Intro

front_matter

Innovations in Army Energy and Power Materials Technologies

Table of Contents

Preface

s1

Electrochemistry

1. Introduction

2. Overview

2.1 Electrochemical Energy Storage

2.2 Electrochemical Energy Conversion

2.2.1 Fuel Cells

2.2.1.1 Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell

2.2.1.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

2.2.1.3 Reforming Battlefield Logistics Fuel for H2

2.2.1.4 Hybrid Acid-Alkaline Fuel Cells

2.2.1.6 Sunlight to H2

2.2.1.7 CO2 to Fuel

3. Summary

1

Recent Trends in Double Layer Capacitors and Dual Intercalation Batteries from Molecular Prospective

2. Structural properties of electric double layer

3. Electrolytes in charged nanopores.

4. Dual-ion intercalation into graphite

5. Future research and concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

2

Importance of Reduction and Oxidation Stability of High Voltage Electrolytes and Additives

2. Experimental materials

2.1 Materials

2.2 Cyclic voltammetry

2.3 Coin cell cycling

2.4 Quantum chemistry studies of lithium solvation, electrolyte reduction and oxidation

2.5 Quantum chemistry studies of the solvent - cathode surface interactions

3. Results and discussion

3.1 The lithium solvation shell composition and electrolyte electrochemical stability from quantum chemistry calculations

3.1.1 Li+ solvation shell structure

3.1.2 Reduction stability of electrolyte

3.1.3 Oxidation stability of electrolyte

3.2 Oxidative stability of electrolytes with different salts on glassy carbon electrodes

3.3 Oxidative stability of electrolytes with different solvents and additives on GC

3.4 Reduction of electrolytes with different salts in EC:EMC (3:7 wt%) on GC

3.5 Reduction of electrolytes with different solvents and additives on GC.

3.6 Redox reactions in a full cell

3.7 Impact of TMSP on cycling of LNMO/graphite cells

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

3

Factors Limiting Li+ Charge Transfer Kinetics in Li-ion Batteries

2. Li+ charge transfer process

3. Electrochemical charge transfer resistance

4. De-solvation of solvated Li+ as a rate limiting step

5. Li+ transport in the sei as a rate limiting step

6. Discussion

7. Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Referencs

4

In-situ and Quantitative Characterization of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase

2. SEI formation and structure

3. Associated content

3.1 Supporting information: in-situ and quantitative characterization of solid

3.1.1 Environment

3.1.2 Electrolytes

3.1.3 Cyclic voltammetry

3.1.4 Atomic force microscopy

3.1.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

4. Author Contributions

5

LiCoPO4 5 V Li-ion Cathode

2. Experimental

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Substitutional Improvements to LiCoPO4

3.2 Structure of Cr and Si Substituted LiCo0.9Fe0.1PO4

3.3 Discharge Capacity and Cycle Life of Cr and Si Substituted LiCo0.9Fe0.1PO4

3.4 Specific Energy of Full 5 V Li-ion Cells

3.5 Rate Capability of Cr and Si Substituted LiCo0.9Fe0.1PO4

4. Conclusion

6

"Water-in-Salt" Electrolyte Enables High Voltage Aqueous Li-ion Chemistries

2. Results

2.1 "Water-in-Salt" Electrolytes

2.2 A High Voltage Aqueous Li-ion Battery

2.3 Interphasial Chemistry and its Significance

Supplemental Materials

7

Pyrite FeS2 as an Efficient Adsorbent of Lithium Polysulfide for Improved Lithium-Sulphur Batteries

2. Results and Discussion.

3. Conclusions

8

Electrochemical Stability of Li6.5La3Zr2M0.5O12 (M = Nb or Ta) Against Metallic Lithium

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Powder preparation

2.2 Densification

2.3 Characterization

3.1 Materials characterization

3.2 Initial and after pre-conditioning electrochemical impedance

3.3 Cycling and electrochemical impedance

3.4 Characterization after cycling

9

In-Situ Studies on the Electrochemical Intercalation of Hexafluorophosphate Anion in Graphite with Selective Co-intercalation of Solvent

2.2 In-situ XRD

2.3 In-situ dilatometry

2.4 In-situ gravimetry

2.5 Ex-situ gravimetry and GC-MS

3. Discussion

Acknowledgment

10

Understanding Transport at the Acid-Alkaline Interface of Bipolar Membranes

2. Theoretical development

2.1 Junction thermodynamics at thermal equilibrium

2.2 Thermal equilibrium &amp

analogy to semiconductors

2.3 Effects of carbon dioxide and carbonates

2.4 Transport equations

2.5 Mechanisms of charge generation &amp

recombination in the space-charge region

2.6 Numeric methods &amp

solution procedures

3. Results &amp

discussion

Symbols &amp

Nomenclature

11

Stabilizing High-Voltage LiCoO2 Cathode in Aqueous Electrolyte with Interphase-forming Additive

2. Conclusions

3. Experimental Section

3.1 Materials

3.2 Materials Characterizations

3.3 Electrochemical Measurements

3.4 DFT Calculation

Supplementary Information: Stabilization of High-Voltage LiCoO2 Cathode in Water-in-Salt Electrolytes

Reference.

s2

The Power Sciences

2.1 Compact Power

2.2 Thermal Science and Engineering

2.3 Wide Bandgap Materials and Devices

2.4 Photovoltaics

2.5 Thermal to Electric Energy Conversion

2.6 Energy-Efficient Electronics

12

Nuclear Metastables for Energy and Power: Status and Challenges

2. Nuclear isomers

3. Isomer depletion

4. Isomer depletion for 108mAg and 186mRe

Summary

13

Microcombustion of Heavy Fuels for Multifuel Portable Power Generation

2. Major Concepts

2.1 Hybrid homogeneous-homogeneous combustion

2.2 Heat recirculation

3. Approach

3.1 Experiments

3.1.1 Fully insulated Parallel Plate Reactor

3.1.2 High Heat Loss Slot Reactor

4. Major findings

4.1 Fully Insulated Parallel Plate Reactor

4.1.1 Experiments

4.1.2 Numerical modeling

4.2 High Heat Loss Slot Reactor

5. Discussion

6. Summary

14

Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons and Army Jet Fuels for Small Scale Combustion

1. Background

1.1 Surface effects (interfacial phenomena)

1.2 Time scaling effects

1.3 Flame stability and extinction characteristics in microchannel

2. Defense relevance

3. Major concepts

3.1 Use of a descriptor in volcano-type relationship for catalyst design

3.2 Use of a surrogate compound in a homologous series

4. Approach

5. Methodology

6. Major findings/results and discussion

6.1 Propane combustion

6.2 Dodecane and dodecane-xylene combustion

6.3 Jet fuels combustion

7. Summary

15

Pyroelectric Energy Conversion for Army Applications

2. Pyroelectric Materials

2.1 Sample Preparation.

2.2 Determination of Pyroelectric Coefficient and Dielectric Constant

3. Thermodynamic Theory

3.1 Constant Pyroelectric Coefficient Work Relationships

3.2 Frequency Impacts on Cycle Temperature

3.3 Frequency Dependent Cycle Work and Power Output

3.4 Frequency Impact on Thermodynamic Efficiency

4. Brayton Cycle Experiment

4.1 Energy Conversion Set-up

4.2 Results and Discussion

5. Wireless Power Transmission via Modulated Laser Irradiation

5.1 Fabrication and Characterization of Pyroelectric Receivers

5.2 Wireless Power Experiments

5.3 Wireless Power Transmission

5.4 Wireless Power Calculation

Conclusions

16

Novel Measurement Methods for Thermoelectric Power Generator Materials and Devices

2. Novel measurements of thermal conductivity

2.1 Steady-state isothermal technique

2.1.1 Thermal conductivity of n-type half-Heusler

2.1.2 Thermal conductivity of PbTe

2.2 Scanning hot probe

2.3 Transient and lock-in harman techniques to decouple material ZT and thermoelectric properties

2.3.1 Transient harman technique - analytical model

2.3.2 Lock-in harman technique - analytical model

2.3.3 Experimental results - transient harman

2.3.4 Experimental results - lock-in Harman

3. Verification strategies for measurements

3.1 Slope-efficiency method: rapid measurement of device ZTmaximum.

3.1.1 Analysis of commercial (Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)3 module

3.1.2 Analysis of PbTe/TAGS module

3.2 Discretized heat-balance model and analysis

17

Charged Quantum Dots for High-Efficiency Photovoltaics and IR Sensing

2. 3D nanoscale potential profile in Q-BIC structures

3. Photoelectron kinetics in Q-BIC structures

4. Q-BIC solar cells and IR detectors

5. Conclusions

References.

18.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-945291-79-6