Ocean Circulation and Climate : A 21st Century Perspective.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Siedler, Gerold.

Contributor:

Griffies, Stephen M.

Gould, John.

Church, John A.

Series:

Issn Series

Issn Series ; v.Volume 103

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

World Ocean Circulation Experiment.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (893 pages)

Edition:

2nd ed.

Place of Publication:

San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2013.

Contents:

Front Cover

Ocean Circulation and Climate: A 21st Century Perspective

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Acknowledgments

Cover Graphics

Preface

Part I: The Ocean's Role in the Climate System

Chapter 1: The Ocean as a Component of the Climate System

1. Setting the Scene

2. The Ocean as an Exchanging Earth System Reservoir

3. Atmosphere-Ocean Fluxes and Meridional Transports

4. Global-Scale Surface and Deep Ocean Circulations

5. Large-Scale Modes of Variability Involving the Ocean

6. The Ocean's Role in Past Climate Change

7. The Ocean in the Anthropocene

8. Concluding Thoughts

References

Chapter 2: Paleoclimatic Ocean Circulation and Sea-Level Changes

1. Introduction

2. Reconstructing Past Ocean States

2.1. Proxies for Past Ocean Circulation

2.1.1. Nutrient Water Mass Tracers

2.1.2. Conservative Water Mass Tracers

2.1.3. Circulation Rate Tracers

2.1.4. Other Tracers

2.2. Past Sea-Level Proxies

2.2.1. Coastal Morphology and Corals

2.2.2. Sediment Cores

2.2.3. Manmade Sea-Level Indicators

2.3. Models

3. The Oceans in the Quaternary

3.1. The Last Glacial Maximum

3.2. Abrupt Glacial Climate Changes

3.2.1. Deglaciation

3.3. Glacial Cycles

3.4. Interglacial Climates

4. The Deeper Past

4.1. Challenges of Deep-Time Paleoceanography

4.2. The Oceans During the Mid-Cretaceous Warm Period

5. Outlook

Part II: Ocean Observations

Chapter 3: In Situ Ocean Observations: A Brief History, Present Status, and Future Directions

2. Development of Present Observational Capability

2.1. Late Nineteenth to Mid-Twentieth Centuries

2.2. Second Half of Twentieth Century

2.3. Twenty-First Century: Consolidation of Capabilities and Growth of Sustained Observations.

3. Emerging and Specialized Ocean Observing Technologies

3.1. Advanced Observing Platforms

3.2. Specialized Observing Systems and Technologies

3.3. New Sensors

4. Changes in Data Volume and Coverage and Implication for Synthesis Products

5. The Future: Outstanding Issues and a New Framework for Global Ocean Observing

5.1. Building on OceanObs'09

6. Conclusions

Chapter 4: Remote Sensing of the Global Ocean Circulation

2. Ocean General Circulation

3. Variability of the Large-Scale Ocean Circulation

3.1. Sea Surface Height

3.2. Ocean Mass and Bottom Pressure

3.3. Global Mean Sea-Level Change (see also Chapter 27)

3.4. Forcing by the Atmosphere and Air-Sea Interaction

4. Mesoscale Eddies and Fronts

4.1. Mapping the Eddy Field

4.2. Wave Number Spectra and the Ocean Energy Cascade

4.3. Seasonal and Interannual Variations in Eddy Energy

4.4. Tracking Individual Eddies

4.5. Surface Currents from Multisensor Mapping

4.6. Eddy Fluxes of Ocean Properties (see also Chapter 8)

4.7. Submesoscale Dynamics

4.8. Eddies and Biogeochemical Processes

5. Summary and Outlook

Part III: Ocean Processes

Chapter 5: Exchanges Through the Ocean Surface

2. Air-Sea Exchange Formulae and Climatological Fields

2.1. Air-Sea Exchange Formulae

2.2. Climatological Fields

3. Measurement Techniques and Review of Datasets

3.1. Flux Measurement and Estimation Techniques

3.1.1. Advances in Parameterizations and In Situ Flux Measurements

3.1.2. High Quality In Situ Surface Flux Datasets

3.2. Flux Datasets: Overview of Recent Products

3.2.1. Atmospheric Reanalyses

3.2.2. Satellite Observations

3.2.3. In Situ Observations

3.2.4. Blended Products

3.3. Flux Datasets: Evaluation Techniques.

4. Variability and Extremes

4.1. Impacts of Large-Scale Modes of Variability on Surface Fluxes

4.2. Surface Flux Response to Anthropogenic Climate Change

4.3. Transfers Under Extreme Conditions

5. Ocean Impacts

5.1. Impacts on Near-Surface Ocean Layer Properties, Water Mass Transformation

5.2. Impacts of Surface Fluxes on Ocean Circulation

6. Outlook and Conclusions

6.1. Prospects for Improved Flux Datasets

6.2. Prospects for Enhanced Observational Constraints

6.3. Conclusions

Chapter 6: Thermodynamics of Seawater

2. Absolute Salinity SA and Preformed Salinity S*

2.1. Reference-Composition Salinity SR

2.2. Absolute Salinity SA

2.3. Preformed Salinity S*

3. The Gibbs-Function Approach to Evaluating Thermodynamic Properties

4. The First Law of Thermodynamics and Conservative Temperature Θ

5. The 48-Term Expression for Specific Volume

6. Changes to Oceanographic Practice Under TEOS-10

7. Ocean Modeling Using TEOS-10

8. Summary

Chapter 7: Diapycnal Mixing Processes in the Ocean Interior

2. Mixing Basics

3. Turbulence in and Below the Surface Mixed Layer

3.1. Langmuir Turbulence

3.2. Inertial Motions

3.3. An Equatorial Example

3.4. Fronts and Other Lateral Processes

4. Mixing in the Ocean Interior

4.1. Internal Wave Breaking

4.1.1. Dissipation Near Internal Tide Generation Sites

4.1.2. Dissipation Near-Inertial Wave Generation Sites

4.1.3. Wave-Wave Interactions

4.1.4. Distant Graveyards

4.2. Mixing in Fracture Zones

4.3. Mesoscale Dissipation as a Source of Turbulent Mixing

4.4. In-Depth Example: Southern Ocean Mixing (see also Chapter 18)

5. Discussion

5.1. Finescale Parameterizations of Turbulent Mixing.

5.2. Global Values and Patterns

5.3. Representing Patchy Mixing in Large-Scale Models: Progress and Consequences

6. Summary and Future Directions

Chapter 8: Lateral Transport in the Ocean Interior

2. Theory of Mass, Tracer, and Vector Transport

2.1. Fundamental Equations

2.1.1. Primitive Equations

2.1.2. Minimal-Disturbance Planes and Slopes

2.1.3. Density-Coordinate Continuity and Tracer Equations

2.2. Steady, Conservative Equations

2.3. Reynolds-Averaged Equations

2.4. Diffusion by Continuous Movements

2.4.1. Diagnosing Eigenvectors, Eigenvalues, and Principal Axes of Diffusivities

2.5. Sources of Anisotropy in Oceanic Diffusion

2.6. The Veronis Effect

2.7. Streamfunction and Diffusivity

3. Observations and Models of Spatial Variations of Eddy Statistics

4. Mesoscale Isoneutral Diffusivity Variation Parameterizations

4.1. Parameterizations Versus Diagnosed K

4.1.1. Eddy Scales Versus Instability Scale

4.1.2. Eddy Versus Instability Spatial Scale

4.1.3. Eddy Versus Instability Time Scale

4.2. New Parameterization Approaches and Future Developments

5. Conclusions and Remaining Questions

Acknowledgment

Chapter 9: Global Distribution and Formation of Mode Waters

1. Mode Water Observations

2. Global Water Mass Census of the Upper Ocean

3. Global Distribution of Mode Water

4. Formation of Mode Water

5. PV Framework

6. Mode Water and Climate

7. Conclusions

Chapter 10: Deepwater Formation

1.1. Circulation and Distribution of NADW and AABW

1.2. Observed Heat Content Changes in AABW

1.3. Observed Heat Content Changes in Upper and Lower NADW

2. Processes of Deepwater Formation.

2.1. Deep Convection: The Example of Formation of Upper North Atlantic Deep Water

2.2. Entrainment: The Example of the Formation of the Lower North Atlantic Deep Water

2.3. Shelf and Under-Ice Processes: The Example of Formation of AABW

2.3.1. Formation Rates and Spreading of AABW

3. Interannual and Decadal Variability in Properties, Formation Rate, and Circulation

3.1. Labrador Sea Water: Variability in Properties and Formation Rate

3.2. Greenland-Scotland Ridge Overflow Water: Variability in Properties and Overflow Rate

3.3. Relationship Between Formation Rates of NADW and Changes in the AMOC

3.4. Antarctic Bottom Water: Variability in Properties and Formation Rate

4. Conclusions and Outlook

Part IV: Ocean Circulation and Water Masses

Chapter 11: Conceptual Models of the Wind-Driven and Thermohaline Circulation

2. Wind-Driven Circulation

2.1. Ekman Layer and Ekman Overturning Cells

2.2. Sverdrup Balance

2.3. Western Boundary Currents and Inertial Recirculation

2.4. Vertical Structure of the Wind-Driven Circulation

2.5. Role of Bottom Topography

3. Thermohaline Circulation

3.1. Energetics and Global Perspective

3.2. Role of the Southern Ocean and Relation to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

3.3. Water Mass Formation

3.4. Three-Dimensional Structure of the THC

3.5. Feedbacks and Multiple Equilibria

3.6. Does the South Atlantic Determine the Stability of the THC?

4. Transient Behaviour of the Wind-Driven and Thermohaline Circulation

5. Discussion and Perspective

Chapter 12: Ocean Surface Circulation

1. Observed Near-Surface Currents

1.1. Global Drifter Program and History of Lagrangian Observations

1.2. Mean Surface Circulation

2. Geostrophic Surface Circulation.

2.1. High-Resolution Mean Dynamic Topography.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Other Format:

Print version: Siedler, Gerold Ocean Circulation and Climate

ISBN:

9780123918536

OCLC:

861559560