Animal manure recycling : treatment and management / edited by Sven G. Sommer ... [et al.].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Sommer, Sven Gjedde, 1955-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Animal waste--Recycling.

Animal waste.

Biomass energy.

Farm manure.

Manures.

Physical Description:

1 online resource.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.

Summary:

A rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector is causing a range of environmental problems on local, regional and global scales. Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents an accessible overview of environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal manure more efficiently and in a sustainable manner. The book describes the physical and chemical characteristics of animal manure and microbial processes, featuring detailed examples and case studies showing how this knowledge can be used in practice. Readers are introduced to the sustainable use of animal manure for crop fertilisation and soil amelioration. Environmentally friendly technologies for reducing emissions of ammonia, odour and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane are presented, and reduction of plant nutrient losses using separation technologies is introduced. Finally and most importantly, the book describes methods to commercialise and transfer knowledge about innovations to end-users. Topics covered include: * Regulation of animal manure management * Manure organic matter: characteristics and microbial transformations * Greenhouse gas emissions from animal manures and technologies for their reduction * Technologies and logistics for handling, transport and distribution of animal manures * Bioenergy production * Animal manure residue upgrading and nutrient recovery in bio-fertilisers * Life cycle assessment of manure management systems * Innovation in animal manure management and recycling Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents state-of-the-art coverage of the entire animal manure chain, providing practical information for engineers, environmental consultants, academics and advanced students involved in scientific, technical and regulatory issues related to animal manure management.

Contents:

Intro

Animal Manure Recycling

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgements

1 Animal Manure - From Waste to Raw Materials and Goods

References

2 Animal Production and Animal Manure Management

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Housing, Feedlots and Exercise Areas

2.2.1 Cattle

2.2.2 Pigs

2.2.3 Poultry

2.2.4 Integrated Production Systems

2.3 Management of Manure

2.3.1 Deep Litter Management

2.3.2 Slurry Management

2.3.3 Separation of Slurry

2.4 Systems Analysis Method for Assessing Mass Flows

2.4.1 Mass Balance and Process Specifications

2.5 Summary

3 Regulations on Animal Manure Management

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Environmental Issues

3.3 Need for Government Regulations

3.4 Global Regulation - Multilateral Environmental Agreements

3.5 Regional Regulations - Exemplified with EU Directives and Regulations

3.5.1 EU CAP and its Reforms

3.5.2 EU Environmental Directives

3.5.3 Reducing Ammonia Emissions from Manure Management in Europe

3.6 National Regulations on Agricultural Pollution

3.6.1 United States

3.6.2 Japan

3.6.3 Denmark

3.7 Summary

4 Manure Characterisation and Inorganic Chemistry

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Livestock Manure Categories

4.3 Physical Characterisation of Manure

4.3.1 Particle Size

4.3.2 Manure Density and Viscosity

4.3.3 Electrochemical Properties

4.4 Manure Inorganic Chemistry

4.4.1 Ions in Solution

4.4.2 pH Buffer System

4.4.3 Volatile Components

4.4.4 Absorbed Exchangeable Cations

4.4.5 Crystals and Adsorbed Ions

4.5 Summary

5 Manure Organic Matter - Characteristics and Microbial Transformations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Manure Organic Matter Composition

5.2.1 Carbon

5.2.2 Nitrogen

5.2.3 Characterisation of Manure Organic Matter.

5.3 Manure Microbiology

5.4 Microbial and Biochemical Transformations in Manure

5.4.1 Aerobic Decomposition of Organic Matter

5.4.2 Anaerobic Decomposition of Organic Matter

5.5 Transformations of Nitrogen

5.5.1 Urea and Uric Acid Transformation

5.5.2 Ammonification or Mineralisation - Organic Nitrogen Transformation to Ammonium

5.5.3 Immobilisation

5.5.4 Nitrification

5.5.5 Nitrification-Denitrification Coupling

5.6 Summary

6 Sanitation and Hygiene in Manure Management

6.1 Hygiene Risks Associated with Manure Management

6.2 Why Must the Pathogens in Manure be Managed?

6.2.1 Manure Treatment

6.2.2 Expression of Pathogen Reduction

6.3 Manure Treatment Alternatives

6.3.1 Storage

6.3.2 Anaerobic Treatment

6.3.3 Composting

6.4 Chemical Treatment

6.4.1 Ammonia Treatment

6.4.2 Ammonia Sanitisation at the Farm Level

6.5 Summary

7 Solid-Liquid Separation of Animal Slurry

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Removal and Separation Efficiency

7.3 In-House Separation

7.4 Solid-Liquid Separation of Manure Slurry

7.4.1 Sedimentation

7.4.2 Centrifugation

7.4.3 Drainage

7.4.4 Filtration with Pressure

7.4.5 User Demand on Performance of the Technology

7.5 Pre-Treatment: Chemical Additives

7.5.1 Precipitation, Coagulation and Flocculation

7.5.2 Struvite Crystallisation

7.6 Post-Treatment: Separation Techniques

7.6.1 Evaporation of Water and Stripping of Ammonia

7.6.2 Membranes

7.7 Summary

8 Gaseous Emissions of Ammonia and Malodorous Gases

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Characteristics of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide

8.3 Processes Involved in Emission

8.3.1 Liquid and Air Diffusion Processes

8.3.2 Air-Water Equilibrium

8.3.3 Acid-Base Equilibrium

8.4 Two-Layer Transport and Release Model.

8.4.1 Gas or Liquid Film Controlling Transfer

8.5 Assessment of Gas Release and Emission

8.5.1 Calculations Using Emission Coefficients

8.5.2 Gas Release and Chemical Equilibrium

8.5.3 Effects of Air Turbulence and Surface Component Concentration on Emissions

8.6 Summary

9 Ammonia and Malodorous Gases: Sources and Abatement Technologies

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Measurement Methods

9.2.1 Odour Measurement

9.2.2 Relationships Between Odour and Odorants

9.3 Ammonia Emissions

9.3.1 Pig and Cattle Houses - Slatted Floor and Slurry Pits

9.3.2 Pig and Cattle Houses - Solid Floor and Deep Litter

9.3.3 Poultry Houses

9.3.4 Ammonia Emissions from Manure Storage

9.3.5 Field-Applied Manure

9.4 Odour Emissions

9.4.1 Livestock Buildings

9.4.2 Volatile Organic Compounds and Hydrogen Sulphide Emissions from Livestock Production

9.5 Technologies and Additives to Reduce NH3 and Odour Emissions

9.5.1 Air Treatment Techniques

9.5.2 Aeration

9.5.3 Additives

9.6 Summary

10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Manures and Technologies for Their Reduction

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Processes of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Production

10.3 Methane Production from Manure

10.3.1 Effect of Temperature

10.3.2 Manure Storage Methods

10.3.3 Field-Applied Manure

10.4 Nitrous Oxide Production from Manure

10.4.1 Stored Manure

10.4.2 Field-Applied Manure

10.5 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions

10.5.1 Reduced Inoculum

10.5.2 Mitigation Technologies and Management

10.5.3 Reducing Volatile Solids and Nitrogen

10.5.4 Additives

10.5.5 Covers

10.5.6 Whole System Analysis of Technologies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases

10.6 Summary

11 Nutrient Leaching and Runoff from Land Application of Animal Manure and Measures for Reduction.

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Nitrogen

11.2.1 Leaching of Manure Nitrogen in the First Year after Application and Methods for Reducing the Risk

11.2.2 Long-Term Leaching of Manure Nitrogen

11.2.3 Nitrogen Losses via Runoff and Strategies for Reducing the Risk

11.3 Leaching and Runoff of Manure Phosphorus

11.3.1 Leaching of Manure Phosphorus

11.3.2 Phosphorus Losses via Runoff and Strategies for Reducing the Risk

11.4 Leaching and Runoff of Potassium

11.5 Summary

12 Technologies and Logistics for Handling, Transport and Distribution of Animal Manures

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Overview of Manure Systems

12.3 Animal Manure Characteristics

12.4 Removal from Animal Houses

12.4.1 Solid Manure

12.4.2 Liquid Manure and Slurry

12.5 Manure Storage

12.5.1 Solid Manure Stores

12.5.2 Liquid Manure Stores

12.5.3 Stirring - Homogenising Liquid Manure

12.6 Transport of Manure

12.6.1 Liquid Manure Transport by Gravity

12.6.2 Transport of Slurry by Pumping

12.6.3 Tanker Transport

12.7 Application of Manure in the Field

12.7.1 Solid Manure Application

12.7.2 Liquid Manure Application

12.8 Manure Operations Management

12.8.1 Emptying the Animal House

12.8.2 Transport of Manure

12.8.3 Application in the Field

12.9 Farm Scenarios

12.10 Summary

13 Bioenergy Production

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Biomass and Energy

13.2.1 Operation of Combustion Plant

13.2.2 Pre-Treatment of Biomass

13.2.3 Energy Production Using Straw Residues

13.2.4 Residues from Incineration

13.3 Biogas Production

13.3.1 Biogas Process

13.3.2 Inhibition of the Biogas Production Process

13.3.3 Gas Production Rates

13.3.4 Biogas Digester Design

13.3.5 Sizing Digesters

13.3.6 Water Removal

13.3.7 Dihydrogen Sulfide Removal.

13.3.8 Carbon Dioxide Removal and Upgrading Biogas for the Natural Gas Network and Transport Fuels

13.4 Summary

14 Animal Manure Residue Upgrading and Nutrient Recovery in Biofertilisers

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Manure Upgrading Options

14.3 Composting of Manures

14.3.1 Basic Composting Concepts

14.3.2 Control of the Composting Process

14.3.3 Biofertiliser Value of Manure-Based Composts in Agriculture

14.3.4 Use of Compost Products in the Non-Agricultural Sector

14.4 Drying and Pelletising Solid Manures

14.5 Manure Combustion and Gasification Ash

14.5.1 Ash Extraction and Conversion

14.6 Biochar from Pyrolysis or Carbonisation of Solid Manures

14.7 Precipitates and Mineral Concentrates from Liquid Manures

14.7.1 Struvite

14.7.2 Mineral Concentrates

14.8 Summary

15 Animal Manure Fertiliser Value, Crop Utilisation and Soil Quality Impacts

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Fertilisation and Crop Nutrient Use Efficiency

15.2.1 Source of Nitrogen Supply to Crops

15.2.2 Crop Yield Response to Fertiliser Nitrogen and the Economic Optimum

15.2.3 Crop Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency

15.3 Use of Animal Manures as Organic Fertilisers

15.3.1 Manure Chemical Properties and Effects on Soil Fertility

15.3.2 Manure Effects on Soil Biological Activity and Nutrient Turnover

15.3.3 Manure Effects on Soil Physical Properties

15.4 Manure Fertiliser Value as Affected by Application Method, Manure Type and Treatment

15.4.1 MFE Value

15.4.2 Manure Application Methods

15.4.3 First-Year N-MFE Value for Various Manure Types

15.4.4 Long-Term Manure Nitrogen Turnover and Residual MFE Value

15.4.5 Strategies for Combined Manure and Mineral Fertiliser Use

15.5 Summary

16 Life Cycle Assessment of Manure Management Systems

16.1 Introduction.

16.2 Introduction to the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology.

Notes:

Includes index.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781118676677

111867667X

9781118676769

1118676769

9781118676721

1118676726

OCLC:

854520801