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Motor System Disorders. Part I, Normal Physiology and Function and Neuromuscular Disorders / David S. Younger, editor.
Elsevier ScienceDirect eBook - Neuroscience 2022 Available
View online- Format:
- Book
- Series:
- Handbook of clinical neurology ; v. 195.
- Handbook of clinical neurology ; v. 195
- Language:
- English
- Subjects (All):
- Movement disorders.
- Movement Disorders.
- Motor Skills--physiology.
- Medical Subjects:
- Movement Disorders.
- Motor Skills--physiology.
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource (828 pages).
- Edition:
- First edition.
- Place of Publication:
- Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier B.V., [2023]
- Summary:
- Motor System Disorders, Volume 195, Part One, Normal Physiology and Function and Neuromuscular Disorders summarizes recent advances and best practice for understanding normal physiology and function of the larger motor system as well as the diagnosis, course, and treatment of neuromuscular disorders. The work includes neuroanatomy, circuits, and synapses, and discusses how different parts of the brain contribute to motor control, including both vestibular and cerebellar motor control, as well as the influences of the parietal and frontal lobes. Diagnostic methods include genetic evaluation, electrodiagnosis, pathology, and brain imaging. Neuromuscular disorders of both children and adults are included.
- Contents:
- Intro
- Motor System Disorders, Part I: Normal Physiology and Function and Neuromuscular Disorders
- Copyright
- Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contributors
- Contents
- Section 1: Normal physiology and function
- Chapter 1: Skeletal muscle structure, physiology, and function
- Introduction
- Skeletal Muscle Structure
- Contractile Mechanisms
- Muscle Fiber Types
- Calcium Activation of Contraction
- Skeletal Muscle Function
- Neuromuscular Junction Structure and Development
- Neurotransmission
- Motor Unit Properties
- Motor Unit Recruitment
- References
- Chapter 2: Upper and lower motor neuron neurophysiology and motor control
- Functional Motor Systems in Brain and Spinal Cord
- Evolution of the Motor System
- Motor Cortex
- Organization and function
- Local circuitries of the primary motor cortex are layer and cell-type specific
- Sensory feedback
- Force and speed control
- Motor learning
- Motor program
- Mirror neuron system
- Spinal Cord
- Spinal descending motor pathways-Corticospinal tract
- Motor unit activity
- Spinal sensory input
- Local functions of the spinal cord
- The Cerebellum
- The Lower Motor Neuron System
- Conclusion
- Chapter 3: Vestibular motor control
- Overview
- Vestibular Motor Control: Neuronal Coding in Alert Animals
- Nonlinear &
- Spike Timing Codes: Implications for Motor Control and the Restoration of Function
- The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
- Adaptation and compensation of the VOR
- Vestibulospinal Reflex Pathways
- Adaptation and compensation of postural reflexes
- The Vestibular Cerebellum: Internal Models of Externally-Applied and Active Self-Motion
- Flocculus and ventral paraflocculus
- Anterior vermis (lobules I-V)
- Nodulus/uvula of the posterior cerebellar vermis.
- Compensation and Extra-Vestibular Sensory Substitution in Central Pathways: Implications for Motor Control
- The unmasking of extra-vestibular information in early vestibular pathways
- Cerebellar-dependent mechanisms for vestibular motor compensation
- Voluntary Behavior: Steering, Reaching and Navigation
- Reaching
- Steering and navigation
- Chapter 4: Autonomic failure: Clinicopathologic, physiologic, and genetic aspects
- Historical background
- Components of the autonomic nervous system
- Sympathetic noradrenergic system
- Sympathetic cholinergic system
- Parasympathetic cholinergic system
- Sympathetic adrenergic system
- Parasympathetic and sympathetic outflow
- Sympathetic organization and output
- Parasympathetic organization and output
- Autonomic Control of Bladder, Bowel and Sexual Function
- Neuropathologic Characterization
- Sympathetic ganglia
- Parasympathetic ganglia
- The aging autonomic nervous system
- Baroreflexes, autonomic, and baroreceptor failure
- Neurodegenerative Autonomic Failure
- Involvement of central and peripheral autonomic components
- Consensus statement and definitions
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Pure autonomic failure
- Parkinson's disease with autonomic failure
- Multiple system atrophy
- Clinical and laboratory autonomic assessment
- Autonomic symptom assessment and disability
- Quantitative sudomotor axonal reflex test
- Thermoregulatory sweat test
- Head-up tilt table testing
- Heart rate response to deep breathing
- Valsalva maneuver
- Cardiac radioisotopic denervation imaging
- Supine and standing catecholamine levels
- Skin biopsy
- Electrodiagnostic studies
- Autonomic reflex screen and the composite autonomic score
- Pathophysiology
- Classification
- Autonomic failure.
- Additional laboratory assessment
- Historical turning points
- Diagnosis
- Selection for prospective cohort studies
- Laboratory studies
- Natural history and prognosis
- Parkinson's disease
- Autonomic failure in PD
- Autonomic and neuropathological correlations
- Treatment and management of autonomic failure
- Gastrointestinal dysfunction
- Bladder, sexual and bowel dysfunction
- Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies
- Familial dysautonomia
- Genetics
- Postmortem studies
- Sensory nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Neurophysiology of autonomic failure
- Baroreflex failure autonomic storms
- Chemoreflex failure
- Prognosis
- Treatment of orthostatic hypotension
- Nonpharmacologic therapy
- Pharmacologic therapy
- Treatment of vomiting attacks and hypertensive crises
- Transient surges with everyday activities
- Vomiting attacks with autonomic crises
- Disease modifying therapy
- Small molecules
- Antisense oligonucleotides
- Autoimmune Autonomic Failure
- Background
- Illustrative case with antemortem and postmortem pathology
- Neurophysiology
- Serology
- Diagnosis and outcome
- Outcome and management
- Future Directions
- Chapter 5: Gait control by the frontal lobe
- Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section.
- Frontal Lobe Control of Gait
- Fundamental framework of posture-gait control
- Cortical sensory-motor information processing
- Core Posture Gait Mechanisms in the Brainstem and Spinal Cord
- Locomotor regions
- Descending brainstem-spinal cord pathways
- Spinal locomotor network including the CPG
- Functional Neuroanatomy of the Cortical Control of Behavior Expression
- The prefrontal cortex.
- Role of the prefrontal cortex in behavioral expression
- Slow walking and FOG by disturbances in the prefrontal cortex
- The premotor cortex
- Functional organization of the premotor cortex
- Role of the premotor-corticoreticular system in the posture-gait control
- Functional organization of corticofugal projections to the brainstem and spinal cord
- Possible Cortical Mechanisms of Human Posture-Gait Control
- Upright standing posture
- Gazing and orienting posture for attending to the target
- Anticipatory postural adjustment (APA)
- Initiating the first step
- Posture-Gait Control by the Cerebellum, BG, and Emotional Systems
- Cerebellar contribution to error detection
- Contribution of the BG and DA system in the posture-gait control and its automatization
- Involvement of emotional valence in freezing
- Chapter 6: Parietal control of hand movement
- Parallel Visuomotor Processing
- Sensorimotor Apraxia
- Tactile apraxia
- Optic ataxia
- Localization
- Limb Apraxia
- Imitation deficits
- Object use deficits
- Affordances
- Executive Apraxia
- Treatments
- Chapter 7: Immunology and microbiome: Implications for motor systems
- Immunology and Motor Systems
- Overview of the immune system
- The immune system in development &
- physiology
- The immune system in motor pathology
- The immune system in Parkinson disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes
- The immune system in other basal ganglia-related movement disorders
- The immune system in cerebellar ataxias
- The immune system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Motor Systems
- The microbiota-gut-brain axis: Role in physiology and pathology of motor systems.
- The microbiota-gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease
- The microbiota-gut-brain axis in Huntington disease
- The microbiota-gut-brain axis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- The microbiota-gut-brain axis in nondegenerative ``network´´ movement disorders
- Conclusions
- Chapter 8: COVID-19 (novel SARS-CoV-2) neurological illness
- Epidemiology
- Zoonotic origin
- Animal models
- Disease definitions
- Susceptibility to Infection
- Acute COVID-19 Infection
- COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing
- Detecting viral RNA by RT-PCR
- Detecting antibodies to SARS-CoV-2
- Rapid point of care strategies
- SARS-CoV-2 antigens: Comparison of rapid and standard tests
- Neurological Presentation
- Adults
- Children
- Cytokine Storm
- Clinicopathological Correlation
- Covid Variants
- Immunotherapy
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Remdesivir
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Bamlanivimab and etesevimab
- Casirivimab and imdevimab
- Sotrovimab
- Tixagevimab and cilgavimab
- Nirmatrelvir
- Corticosteroids
- Convalescent Plasma
- Intravenous immune globulin therapy
- Interleukin-6 inhibition
- Vaccination
- Chronic Covid Illness
- Long-Hauler and Long COVID
- Postacute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC)
- Neurodegeneration
- Alzheimer disease
- Parkinson disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Neuropsychiatric illness
- Section 2: Clinical and laboratory diagnosis
- Chapter 9: Neurogenetic motor disorders
- Mitochondrial Genetics
- Clinical Clues of a Neurogenetic Motor Disorder
- Peripheral nervous system
- Central nervous system
- Hereditary cerebellar ataxias
- Genetic Neurological Disorders
- Muscular dystrophy
- Congenital myasthenic syndrome
- Presynaptic defects
- Synaptic space defects
- Postsynaptic defects
- Endplate development and maintenance defects.
- Notes:
- Defect in protein glycosylation.
- Description based on print version record.
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- ISBN:
- 0323988180
- 9780323988186
- 0323958540
- 9780323958547
- OCLC:
- 1433238034
- Access Restriction:
- Restricted for use by site license.
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