Focal Neuropathies / editor, Colin Chalk.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Chalk, Colin, editor.

Series:

Handbook of clinical neurology ; Volume 201.

Handbook of clinical neurology ; Volume 201

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nerves, Peripheral--Diseases.

Nerves, Peripheral.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (314 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, [2024]

Summary:

This volume summarizes research and treatment on focal neuropathies to update clinicians on nerve biology and new diagnostic techniques to guide investigation and treatment of mononeuropathies.The book explores research broadly applicable to all types of mononeuropathies as well as individual mononeuropathy syndromes.

Contents:

Intro

Focal Neuropathies

Copyright

Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

Contents

Chapter 1: Hallmarks of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration

Introduction

Peripheral nerve anatomy

Nerve injuries and hallmarks of regeneration

Wallerian and Wallerian-Like Degeneration and Path-Clearing

Axon and myelin degeneration

Regenerative path-clearing

Cellular and Molecular Reprogramming of the Distal Nerve Stump

The dynamics of SCs and macrophages

Local Translation, Intra-Axonal Transport, and Axon Guidance

Local translation and axon guidance

Molecular guidance and preferential reinnervation of targets

Intra-axonal transport

Axon myelination

Regenerative Priming of Neurons

Regeneration associated genes

Satellite glial cells and resident macrophages

Growth suppressors and neuron loss

Molecular Mechanisms for Nerve Regeneration and Potential Therapeutic Opportunities

Pharmacological opportunities for nerve repair

Nonpharmacological opportunities for nerve repair

Summary

Acknowledgments

Reference

Chapter 2: The role of imaging in focal neuropathies

Basic Principles of Nerve Ultrasound

Basic Principles of Magnetic Resonance Neurography

Ultrasound or MR Neurography

Imaging of the Median Nerve

Imaging of the Ulnar Nerve

Imaging in Leprosy

Imaging of the Radial Nerve

Imaging of the Brachial Plexus

Imaging in Neuralgic Amyotrophy

Imaging of the Common Fibular Nerve

Imaging of the Tibial Nerve

Imaging of the Sciatic Nerve, Femoral Nerve, and Lumbosacral Plexus

Imaging of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

Imaging in Peripheral Nerve Trauma

Imaging of Peripheral Nerve Tumors

Imaging in Inflammatory Neuropathies

Conclusions

References.

Chapter 3: The role of electrodiagnosis in focal neuropathies

Role of EDX Testing in Mononeuropathies

Pathophysiology of Nerve Injury Relevant to EDX Findings

Role of NCS in Mononeuropathies

Motor NCS

Motor NCS in focal demyelination

Conduction velocity slowing

Conduction block

Temporal dispersion

Axon loss

Role of Short-Segment Stimulation ``Inching´´ Motor NCS Studies

Sensory NCS

Limitations and Pitfalls of NCS

Technical and physiologic pitfalls mimicking mononeuropathies

Limitations of proximal NCS techniques

Sensitivity in mild or intermittent symptoms

Errors in localization

Role of Needle Electromyography (EMG) in Mononeuropathies

Types and Significance of Needle EMG Abnormalities

Fibrillation potentials

Fasciculation potentials

Complex repetitive discharges (CRDs)

Voluntary motor unit potentials (MUPs) in mononeuropathies

Reduced recruitment

MUP morphology changes

Limitations and Pitfalls of Needle EMG

Role of EDX in Grading Severity of Mononeuropathies

Role of EDX Testing in Monitoring Mononeuropathies

EDX Testing Compared to Nerve Imaging in Mononeuropathies

References

Chapter 4: Carpal tunnel syndrome

Anatomy

Structure of the carpal tunnel

Median nerve anatomy

Anatomical variants

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Epidemiology

Clinical characteristics

Pathophysiology

Risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome

Occupational-related risk factors

Female sex

Increased BMI

Age

Tenosynovitis

Connective tissue diseases

Polyneuropathy

Amyloidosis

Endocrine disease

Carpal canal deformity

Genetic risk factors

Other causes

Diagnosis

Clinical assessment

Electrodiagnostic testing (EDX).

Sensory studies

Sensory comparison studies

Motor studies

Motor comparison studies

Motor short segment study

Needle electromyography (EMG)

Grading severity

Neuroimaging

X-ray and computed tomography (CT)

Ultrasound (US)

Static cross sectional US

Dynamic cross-sectional US

Doppler US

US elastography

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Signal intensity

Diffusion tensor imaging and MR tractography

Management

Non-surgical

Ergonomic tools

Splints

Nerve and tendon gliding

Corticosteroids

Surgical intervention

Indications

Open carpal tunnel release (OCTR)

Minimally invasive carpal tunnel release

Endoscopic carpal tunnel release

Outcomes

Complications

Management recommendations

Controversies and Avenues for Future Research

Conclusion

Chapter 5: Other median neuropathies

Anatomical features of the median nerve

Origin and pathway

Motor and sensory innervations

Approaches to median nerve injury workup

Electrodiagnostic studies

Ultrasonography

Case 1

Magnetic resonance imaging

Congenital Variants

Anatomical variations related to the carpal tunnel

Martin-Gruber anastomosis

Riche-Cannieu anastomosis

Hereditary and Acquired Disorders

Median neuropathies associated with multiple nerve disorders

Hereditary neuropathy with liabilities to pressure palsy

Multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy

Multifocal motor neuropathy

Neuralgic amyotrophy

Focal Lesions of the Median Nerve

Proximal nerve lesions

Medial brachial compartment syndrome

Anterior dislocation of the shoulder

Humerus fracture

Brachial artery pseudoaneurysm

Pronator teres syndrome

Ligament of Struthers lesion

Anterior interosseous nerve neuropathy

Direct median nerve trauma.

Case 2

Case 3

Distal nerve lesions

Palmar cutaneous branch

Recurrent motor branch

Mimics of median neuropathy

Chapter 6: Ulnar neuropathy

Clinical Features

Pathogenesis of Ulnar Nerve Injury

Natural History of Ulnar Neuropathy

Neurophysiology

Motor conduction slowing

First dorsal interossei recording

Short-segment incremental studies

Sensory nerve conduction studies

Ulnar neuropathy at the wrist

Limitations

Imaging

Ultrasound

MRI

Conservative management

Perineural injections

Surgical management

Controversies and avenues for future research

Management recommendation

Acknowledgment

Chapter 7: Radial neuropathy

Clinical features

Electrodiagnosis and imaging

Etiologies

Radial neuropathies in anatomically vulnerable sites

Etiologies not specific to the radial nerve

Polyneuropathy presenting with radial neuropathy

Orthoses

Medication for neuropathic pain

Surgical exploration

Nerve grafting and tendon or nerve transfers

Chapter 8: Axillary and musculocutaneous neuropathies

Axillary Neuropathy

Electrodiagnostic evaluation

Disorders

Musculocutaneous Neuropathy

Chapter 9: Fibular (peroneal) neuropathy

Clinical Features of Fibular Neuropathy

Etiology of Fibular Neuropathy

Compression

Entrapment

Trauma

Occupational neuropathy

Tumors, cysts, and other mass lesions.

Acute compartment syndrome

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome

Systemic disorders and diffuse nerve disease

Fibular neuropathy at the ankle

Electrodiagnosis of Common Fibular Neuropathy

Prognosis of Fibular Neuropathy

Chapter 10: Sciatic and tibial neuropathies*

Anatomy: Sciatic Nerve

Anatomy: Fibular Nerve

Anatomy: Tibial Nerve

Distal Sciatic Nerve Injuries with Primarily Fibular&gt

Tibial Nerve Involvement

Tumor

Compressive Neuropathies

Tarsal Tunnel and Ankle

Infection

Bracing

Nerve Reconstruction and the Electromyographer

Chapter 11: Femoral and obturator neuropathies

The Femoral Nerve

Injuries

Orthopedic surgery

Hematoma

Abdominal and pelvic surgery

Cannulation

Anesthesia

Tumors and masses

Diabetes

Pregnancy

Other

Investigations

Treatment

Prognosis

The Obturator Nerve

Surgery

Compressive lesions

Nerve entrapment

Chapter 12: Meralgia paresthetica

Nerve Anatomy

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Types of Injuries

Spontaneous causes

Iatrogenic (postsurgical) causes

Total hip replacement surgery

Posterior lumbar spine surgery

Other surgeries

Treatment and Prognosis

Neurolysis

Neurectomy

Chapter 13: Piriformis syndrome

Nomenclature

Etiology

Clinical Presentation: Symptoms and Signs

Provocative Physical Examination Maneuvers

Diagnostic Criteria

Bone Scan.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780323901086

OCLC:

1432602622