Experimental Methods for Membrane Applications in Desalination and Water Treatment.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Salinas-Rodriguez, Sergio G.

Contributor:

Villacorte, Loreen O.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Membranes (Technology).

Water treatment plants.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (489 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

London : IWA Publishing, 2024.

Summary:

This book focuses on experimental methods for membrane applications in desalination and water treatment, addressing the critical issue of water quality. It explores various membrane processes such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and membrane distillation. Key topics include fouling, scaling, performance assessment, and modeling of membrane systems. The book aims to improve the feasibility and effectiveness of these technologies to tackle global water scarcity, particularly in developing countries. It serves as a resource for engineering students, researchers, plant operators, and professionals in the water sector, offering insights from experts in the field. Generated by AI.

Contents:

Intro

Cover

Contents

Foreword

Contributors

About the editors

Chapter 1: Feedwater Quality Guidelines and Assessment Methods for Membrane-based Desalination

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 PARTICULATE FOULING POTENTIAL

1.3 INORGANIC FOULING AND SCALING POTENTIAL

1.4 ORGANIC FOULING POTENTIAL

1.4.1 Organic carbon

1.4.2 UV absorbance and fluorescence

1.4.3 LC-OCD

1.4.4 TEP

1.4.5 Oil and grease

1.5 BIOFOULING POTENTIAL

1.5.1 Bacterial growth potential

1.5.2 Assimilable organic carbon

1.5.3 Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon

1.5.4 Phosphate

1.6 OUTLOOK AND OPPORTUNITIES

1.7 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

1.8 REFERENCES

Part 1: Membrane processes

Chapter 2: Microfiltration and ultrafiltration

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.1.1 Advantages of ultrafiltration compared to conventional treatment

2.2 DESIGN AND OPTIMIZE MEMBRANE PROCESSES

2.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE FILTRATION PROCESS

2.4 MEMBRANE TYPES

2.5 BASIC EQUATIONS

2.6 NORMALIZATION

2.7 MEMBRANE FOULING

2.8 SUSTAINABLE FLUX

2.9 MEMBRANE DESIGN AND MODULE

2.10 PRETREATMENT

2.11 CLEANINGS

2.11.1 Optimization of hydraulic cleaning

2.12 MEMBRANE CASCADES

2.13 SUMMARY

2.14 REFERENCES

Chapter 3: Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration

3.1 THE RISE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS

3.2 SUSTAINAIBLITY OF REVERSE OSMOSIS

3.3 UNDERSTANDING THE OSMOSIS PROCESS

3.3.1 Semi-permeable membranes

3.3.2 The reverse osmosis process

3.4 EQUATIONS

3.4.1 Fundamental equations

3.4.1.1 Osmotic pressure

3.4.1.2 Water flux

3.4.1.3 Salt transport

3.4.1.4 The difference between convective and concentration driven flows

3.4.2 System equations

3.4.3 Factors affecting membrane performance

3.4.3.1 Feed pressure

3.4.3.2 Feed concentration

3.4.3.3 Feed temperature

3.4.3.4 Concentration polarization.

3.5 REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES

3.5.1 The significance of desalination

3.6 PERFORMANCE MONITORING

3.7 NORMALIZATION

3.7.1 Why normalization matters

3.7.2 Equations

3.7.2.1 Normalized permeate flow

3.7.2.2 Normalized salt rejection

3.7.2.3 Normalized pressure drop

3.8 FOULING

3.8.1 Biofouling

3.8.2 Organic fouling

3.8.3 Particulate fouling

3.8.4 Scaling

3.8.5 Integrity failure

3.9 REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Forward Osmosis

4.1 INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLES OF FORWARD OSMOSIS

4.2 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

4.2.1 Membrane configurations

4.2.2 Experimental modes

4.2.3 Draw solutions: properties, regeneration, types and selection criteria

4.3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

4.3.1. Typical parameters and phenomena

4.3.2 FO process design constraints and considerations

4.3.3 Best practices Transmembrane Pressure (TMP)

4.4 DATA ANALYSIS: BASIC FO PROCESS DESIGN

4.4.1 FO Fundamental Equations

4.4.2 FO Module Mass Balance

4.4.3 FO Design Considerations

4.5 APPLICATION EXAMPLES

4.6 OUTLOOK

4.7 REFERENCES

Chapter 5: Membrane Distillation

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 MATERIALS, EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

5.2.1 MD membranes

5.2.1.1 Membrane properties

5.2.1.2 Membrane materials

5.2.2 Experimental set-up

5.2.2.1 MD confi gurations

5.2.3 Process

5.2.3.1 MD system

5.2.3.2 Operating parameters

5.2.4 MD modules

5.3 METHODS

5.3.1 Process measurements and calculations

5.3.1.1 Permeate flux

5.3.1.2 Solute rejection

5.3.1.3 Logarithmic temperature difference

5.3.2 Membrane characterization

5.3.2.1 Physical and morphology properties

5.3.2.2 Chemical properties (a) Elemental composition

5.3.2.3 Thermal properties (a) Thermal conductivity

5.5 OUTLOOK

5.6 REFERENCES

Part 2: Particulate fouling

Chapter 6: Silt Density Index

6.0 ABSTRACT.

6.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOULING INDEX

6.2 SILT AS A COMPONENT OF MEMBRANE FOULING

6.3 STANDARDIZATON OF THE SILT DENSITY INDEX

6.4 METHODS AND PROCEDURES

6.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE SDI

6.6 ALTERNATIVES TO THE SDI

6.7 SUMMARY

6.8 REFERENCES

Chapter 7: Modified Fouling Index (MFI-0.45)

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 THEORY PARTICULATE FOULING

7.3 MEASURING MFI-0.45

7.3.1 Filtration set-up and materials

7.3.1.1 Membrane filters

7.3.1.2 Filter holder

7.3.1.3 Feedwater reservoir

7.3.1.4 Electronic mass balance

7.3.1.5 Software for data acquisition

7.3.1.6 Pressure regulator and gauge

7.3.1.7 Pressure transducer

7.3.1.8 Non-plugging water

7.3.2 MFI-0.45 testing procedure

7.3.3 MFI-0.45 calculation procedure

7.4 MEMBRANE PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL MEMBRANES

7.5 EFFECT OF FILTER MATERIAL ON MFI-0.45

7.5.1 Effect of membrane support holder

7.6 APPLICATION: WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF NORTH SEA WATER

7.7 MONITORING OF MFI-0.45 IN A FULL-SCALE DESALINATION PLANT

7.8 REFERENCES

Chapter 8: Modified Fouling Index Ultrafiltration (MFI-UF) Constant Flux

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 THEORY PARTICULATE FOULING

8.2.1 Deposition factor

8.2.2 The particulate fouling prediction model

8.3 MEASURING MFI-UF CONSTANT FLUX

8.3.1 Filtration set-up and materials

8.3.1.1 Membrane filters

8.3.1.2 Constant flow pump

8.3.1.4 Membrane filter holder

8.3.1.5 Syringe

8.3.1.6 Ultra-pure water

8.3.1.7 Tubing

8.3.1.8 Software

8.3.2 Membrane cleaning and conditioning

8.3.3 MFI-UF testing procedure

8.3.3.1 Selection of filtration flux rate

8.3.4 Calculation procedure

8.3.4.1 Example of membrane resistance calculation of UPW

8.3.4.2 Example of MFI-UF calculation

8.3.5 Reproducibility

8.3.6 Blank and limit of detection

8.3.7 Sample storage.

8.3.8 Concentration of particles

8.3.9 Membrane material

8.4 VARIABLES AND APPLICATIONS OF THE MFI-UF

8.4.1 Plant profiling and water quality monitoring

8.4.2 Flux rate

8.4.3 Predicting rate of fouling of seawater RO systems

8.4.4 Comparing fouling indices

8.5 REFERENCES

Part 3: Inorganic fouling and scaling

Chapter 9: Inorganic Fouling: Characterization Tools and Mitigation

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 MAIN COMPONENTS OF INORGANIC FOULING

9.2.1 Colloidal matter/particulate

9.2.2 Metals

9.2.3 Scaling

9.2.4 OTHER COMPONENTS

9.3 METHODS FOR INORGANIC FOULING IDENTIFICATION

9.4 METHODS FOR INORGANIC FOULING REMOVAL

9.5 REFERENCES

Chapter 10: Assessing Scaling Potential with Induction Time and a Once-through Laboratory Scale RO System

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 INDUCTION TIME MEASUREMENTS

10.2.1 Experimental setup

10.2.1.1 Glass reactor

10.2.1.3 pH meter

10.2.1.4 Peristaltic pump

10.2.1.5 Thermostat

10.2.2 Experimental procedure

10.2.2.1 Preparation of artificial brackish water

10.2.2.2 Induction time measurement

10.2.3 Calculation of induction time

10.2.4 Cleaning of the reactor

10.2.5 Example of application of induction time

10.3 ONCE THROUGH LAB-SCALE RO SYSTEM

10.3.1 Experimental set-up

10.3.2 Experimental protocol

10.3.3 Example of application

10.4 OUTLOOK AND FINAL COMMENTS

10.5 REFERENCES

Part 4: Organic fouling

Chapter 11: Practical Considerations of Using LC-OCD for Organic Matter Analysis in Seawater

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 LC-OCD ANALYSIS

11.2.1 Instrumentation and chromatogram integration

11.2.2 Effect of salinity on organic characterization and calibration

11.2.3 LEVEL OF DETECTION

11.2.4 REPRODUCIBILITY OF LC-OCD

11.2.5 CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC MIXTURES

11.2.6 Applications.

11.2.6.1 OM composition in seawater

11.2.6.2 Fouling behaviour of organic matter

11.2.6.3 Effectiveness of pretreatment methods

11.3 CONCLUSIONS

11.4 REFERENCES

Chapter 12: Fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) Spectroscopy

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 SAMPLING &amp

STORAGE

12.3 BENCHTOP INSTRUMENTATION

12.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE

12.5 INTERFERENCES

12.6 DATA PROCESSING

12.7 DATA ANALYSIS

12.7.1 PARAFAC

12.8 APPLICATION IN MEMBRANE SYSTEMS

12.9 REFERENCES

Chapter 13: Transparent Exopolymer Particles

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 QUANTIFICATION METHODS

13.2.1 Alcian blue dye preparation

13.2.2 TEP0.4µm measurement

13.2.3 TEP10kDa measurement

13.2.4 Method calibration

13.2.4.1 Xanthan gum standard preparation

13.2.4.2 TEP0.4µm calibration

13.2.4.3 TEP0.4µm calibration

13.2.4.4 TEP10kDa calibration

13.2.5 Other considerations

13.2.5.1 Limit of detection

13.2.5.2 Impact of storage on TEP concentration

13.2.6 Application and interpretation

13.3 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK

13.4 REFERENCES

Part 5: Biological fouling

Chapter 14: Genomics Tools to Study Membrane-Based Systems

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND SAMPLE PREPARATION

14.2.1 Experimental Design in a Metagenomics

14.2.2 Sample Collection and Preservation

14.2.3 DNA Extraction

14.2.4 Library Preparation

14.2.5 Sequencing platforms

14.3 BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS

14.3.1 Data Pre-treatment

14.3.2 Amplicon-based approach

14.3.3 Metagenomics, read-based approach

14.3.4 Metagenomics, assembly-based approach

14.3.5 Metagenome-assembled Genome (MAG) Binning

14.3.6 Supervised and unsupervised binning

14.3.7 Functional annotation

14.3.8 Genome-resolved Metatranscriptomics

14.4 DATA SHARING AND STORAGE

14.5 BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS WORKFLOW EXAMPLES.

14.5.1 Amplicon Sequences Processing Workflow.

Notes:

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Other Format:

Print version: Salinas-Rodriguez, Sergio G. Experimental Methods for Membrane Applications in Desalination and Water Treatment

ISBN:

9781789062984

1789062985

OCLC:

1417757313