The Environment in a Magnet : Applications of NMR Techniques to Environmental Problems / edited by Pellegrino Conte, Delia Francesca Chillura Martino, and Paolo Lo Meo.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Conte, Pellegrino, editor.

Chillura Martino, Delia Francesca, editor.

Meo, Paolo Lo, editor.

Series:

ISSO (Series)

ISSN

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Environmental chemistry.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (558 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : The Royal Society of Chemistry, [2024]

Summary:

This book discusses the present and the future perspectives of NMR techniques for environmental evaluations.

Contents:

Cover

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Chapter 1 The Meaning of Pollution and the Powerfulness of NMR Techniques

1.1 Introduction: Pollution and Its Multifaceted Aspects

1.2 Modern NMR in the Context of Environmental Analysis and Remediation

1.3 Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 2 The Importance of NMR as a Discovery Tool

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Environmental Discovery

2.2.1 Water

2.2.2 Soil

2.2.3 Atmospheric

2.2.4 Partitioning

2.2.5 Others

2.3 Transformation Products

2.3.1 Environmental

2.3.1.1 Soil

2.3.1.2 Water

2.3.1.3 Atmospheric

2.3.1.4 Wastewater Treatment

2.3.1.5 Miscellaneous

2.3.2 Reaction Monitoring

2.4 Nontargeted Environmental Metabolomics

2.4.1 Aquatic Organisms

2.4.2 Terrestrial Vegetation

2.5 Food Science

2.5.1 Food Safety

2.5.2 Food Authentication

2.5.3 Other Applications

2.6 Heteronuclear NMR

2.6.1 Fluorine (19F)

2.6.2 Phosphorus (31P)

2.6.3 Nitrogen (15N)

2.6.4 Vanadium (51V)

2.6.5 Other Metals

2.7 Conclusion

2.7.1 Potential of Low-field and Portable NMR as a Discovery Tool

2.7.2 Hyphenated NMR

Acknowledgments

Chapter 3 Sensitivity Enhancement in Environmental NMR: Current Technologies and Future Potential

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 The Origin of an NMR Signal

3.2 Hyperpolarization Experiments

3.2.1 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP)

3.2.1.1 DNP in Solution: Overhauser DNP

3.2.1.2 Magic Angle Spinning (MAS-DNP): Hyperpolarization of Solids

3.2.1.3 Single Shot: Chemically and Dissolution Induced Hyperpolarization

3.2.1.4 Triplet DNP: Beyond the Boltzmann Distribution

3.2.2 Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE)

3.2.3 Chemically Induced DNP (CIDNP)

3.3 Hardware

3.3.1 Anatomy of an NMR Spectrometer

3.3.2 Field Strength, Pulsed Field, and Apparatus.

3.3.3 Microcoils and RF Lenses

3.3.4 Detection: Multiplexing, Arrays and Cryogenic Cooling

3.4 Pulse Sequences, Processing, and Mathematics

3.4.1 Saving Time: Supersequences, Non-uniform Sampling, and Ultrafast Acquisition

3.4.2 Pulse Sequences: Indirect Measurements

3.4.3 Mathematical Approaches: Addressing the Root Cause

Chapter 4 Comprehensive Multiphase NMR: Natural Samples in Their Natural State

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Spectral Editing Techniques

4.2.1 Isolating the Solution Fraction

4.2.2 Isolating the Gel Fraction (Restricted Diffusion)

4.2.3 Isolating the Semi-solid (Rigid Gel) Fraction

4.2.4 Isolating the Solid Components

4.2.5 Relaxation Based Spectral Editing

4.3 Multiphase Analysis of Molecular Structure in Natural Samples

4.3.1 Elucidating the Complex Structure of Soil Organic Matter and Oil Contaminated Soils

4.3.2 CMP-NMR to Study 13C Enriched Seeds and Germination Process

4.3.3 Applications of CMP-NMR to Monitor Structural Changes During Cooking

4.3.4 Extraction of Biofuel from Algae

4.3.5 Degradation of Car Engine Rubber by Biofuel

4.4 Multiphase Analysis of Molecular Interactions and Processes

4.4.1 Biomass and Clay Interactions

4.4.2 CMP-NMR to Monitor Perfluorinated Pollutant Sequestration in Soil

4.4.3 CMP-NMR to Monitor Photocatalytic Reactions

4.5 CMP-NMR as a Tool to Observe Metabolic Profiles of Intact Natural Samples

4.5.1 Ex Vivo CMP-NMR as a Complementary Tool to Understand In Vivo Processes

4.5.2 In Vivo CMP-NMR

4.5.3 Considerations and In Vivo CMP-NMR Progress

4.5.3.1 Slow Spinning Techniques to Reduce Stress

4.5.3.2 Ultraslow Spinning

4.5.3.3 Other Techniques to Attenuate Spinning Artifacts Arising from Slow Spinning

4.5.3.4 Water Suppression

4.5.3.5 Lipid Suppression.

4.5.3.6 Sample Heating During Solid-state NMR

4.5.4 Multidimensional Metabolomics

4.5.4.1 2D NMR for Metabolomic Assignments

4.5.4.2 Slow Spinning Multidimensional NMR

4.6 Conclusions and Future Directions

4.6.1 Improving 13C Sensitivity

4.6.2 Larger Diameter Probes to Increase Biomass

4.6.3 Cryogenically Cooled Hardware

4.6.4 Micro-coils

Chapter 5 Environmental In Vivo NMR: Explaining Toxicity and Processes at the Biochemical Level

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Pollution, Toxicity and the Environment

5.3 Types of In Vivo NMR

5.3.1 Solution State NMR

5.3.2 Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR

5.4 In Vivo NMR - Challenges and Approaches

5.4.1 Broad Lineshape

5.4.2 Spectral Overlap

5.4.3 Water Suppression

5.4.4 Sensitivity

5.4.5 MAS Techniques - Organism Survival

5.4.6 MAS Techniques - Spinning Sidebands

5.5 In Vivo NMR Techniques: Applications and Examples

5.5.1 One-dimensional NMR

5.5.1.1 1H NMR

5.5.1.2 13C NMR

5.5.1.3 14N/15N NMR

5.5.1.4 31P NMR

5.5.1.5 Other Nuclei

5.5.2 Multidimensional Experiments

5.5.2.1 Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)

5.5.2.2 Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY)

5.5.2.3 Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence (HMQC)

5.5.2.4 Heteronuclear Correlation (HETCOR)

5.5.2.5 Higher Dimensional Techniques

5.5.3 Selective Experiments

5.5.4 CMP NMR - Spectral Editing

5.5.5 Studying Interactions

5.6 Conclusion

Chapter 6 Self-diffusion NMR as a Powerful Tool for the Evaluation of Environmental Contamination

6.1 Fundamentals of Diffusion Processes

6.2 Basics of Diffusion NMR

6.2.1 Fundamentals of Pulsed Field Gradient NMR

6.2.2 Pulse Sequences

6.2.3 Multi-phase Systems

6.2.4 Confined Diffusion

References.

Chapter 7 Monitoring of Lubricating Oil Degradation Via Fast Field Cycling NMR Relaxometry

7.1 Introduction

7.2 A Brief History of FFC-NMR Relaxometry in Lubricants

7.3 Thermal Degradation of Paraffins

7.3.1 Paraffin Heat-induced Chemical Transformation

7.3.2 Theoretical Model

7.4 Thermal Degradation in ICE Lubricants

7.4.1 Thermal Stress in Oil Bases

7.4.2 Aging of Automotive Lubricating Oils

7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects

Chapter 8 MRI of Soil and Soil-Root Processes

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

8.2.1 Relaxation

8.2.2 Imaging

8.2.3 Image Contrast

8.2.4 MRI, X-ray CT and Neutron CT

8.3 Bare Soil

8.4 Roots and Root-Soil Interactions

8.4.1 Root System Architecture Imaging

8.4.2 Root-Soil Interactions

8.4.3 MRI Solute: Na

8.4.4 MRI Solute: Paramagnetic Tracers

8.5 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 9 Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Study Contaminant Dynamics

9.1 Why Use MRI for Soil Contaminant Study

9.2 Structural MRI of Soils and Soil-like Systems

9.2.1 Initial Studies

9.2.2 Evolution of the Technique and Physical Limitations

9.2.3 Application to Contaminant Dynamics

9.2.4 Discrimination of Fluid Phases

9.2.4.1 Intrinsic Properties

9.2.5 Heteronuclear MRI

9.2.5.1 Manipulating Relaxation Times

9.2.5.1.1 Spin-Spin Relaxation Time

9.3 Applications of MRI to Understand Physical Processes

9.4 MRI of Flow Through Soils

9.4.1 Generalised Fluid Flow Used to Predict Contaminant Behaviour

9.4.2 Flow of Contaminant-like Fluids

9.5 Reactive Contaminants and Their Kinetics

9.6 Imaging of Biofilms in Soils

9.7 Earth's Field Magnetic Resonance

9.8 Conclusions and Future Directions

9.9 A Starting Point for Experiments

Chapter 10 NMR Relaxation in Porous Media for Environmental Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Theory of NMR Relaxation in Porous Media

10.3 Applications

10.3.1 Soil

10.3.2 Contaminants

10.3.3 Biofilms

10.3.4 Carbon Storage

10.3.5 Hydrates

10.3.6 Marine Life

10.4 Conclusions

Chapter 11 Characterization of Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers Used in Environmental Applications by Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy: a Historical Review

11.1 Introduction

11.2 β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers for Wastewater Treatment

11.2.1 Synthesis of Cross-linked Polymers Prepared by Direct Cross-linking of β-Cyclodextrin

11.2.2 Chemical Functionalization of β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers

11.2.3 A Brief and Recent Review of the Literature on the Use of β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers as Biosorbents

11.3 History of NMR Structure Determination of β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers

11.4 NMR Characterization of β-Cyclodextrin Cross-linked Polymers

11.5 Usefulness of NMR Techniques to Characterize the Biosorption Mechanism

11.6 Conclusion

Abbreviations

Chapter 12 NMR Techniques for the Evaluation of Biochar Characteristics

12.1 What Biochar Is: A Definition

12.2 Biochar Environmental Relevance

12.3 Chemical-Physical Biochar Characteristics

12.4 Biochar and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques: High-resolution Spectroscopy

12.5 Biochar Characteristics Via 2D Hetero-correlated Solid-state Spectroscopy

12.6 Other Physical Limitations in the Application of High-resolution Spectroscopy for Biochar Analyses

12.7 Low-resolution NMR

12.8 The Basics of the NMR Relaxation

12.9 T2 Monitoring for Biochar Characterization

12.10 Application of FFC NMR Relaxometry to Unveil Biochar Properties

12.11 Conclusions and Perspectives.

References.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (EBook Central, viewed April 16, 2025).

ISBN:

1-83767-126-5

1-83767-125-7