The right to regulate in international investment law Aikaterini Titi.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Titi, Aikaterini, author.

Series:

Studien zum internationalen Investitionsrecht ; v. 10.

Studies in international investment law v. 10

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Investments, Foreign (International law).

Capital investments--Law and legislation.

Capital investments.

International finance--Law and legislation.

International finance.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (378 p.)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Baden-Baden [Germany] Nomos 2014.

Summary:

"Since the inception of the international investment law system, investment promotion and protection have been the raison d'être of investment treaties and states have confined their policy space in order to attract foreign investment and protect their investors abroad. Languishing in relative obscurity until recently, the right to regulate has gradually come to the spotlight as a key component of negotiations on new generation investment agreements around the globe. States and regional organisations, including, notably, the European Union and the United States, have started to examine ways in which to safeguard their regulatory power and guide--and delimit--the interpretive power of arbitral tribunals, by reserving their right to pursue specific public policy objectives. The monograph explores the status quo of the right to regulate, in order to offer an appraisal and a reference tool for treatymakers, thus contributing to a better understanding of the concept and the broader discourse on how to enhance the investment law system's legitimacy."--Bloomsbury Publishing

Since the inception of the international investment law system, investment promotion and protection have been the raison d'être of investment treaties and states have confined their policy space in order to attract foreign investment and protect their investors abroad. Languishing in relative obscurity until recently, the right to regulate has gradually come to the spotlight as a key component of negotiations on new generation investment agreements around the globe. States and regional organisations, including, notably, the European Union and the United States, have started to examine ways in which to safeguard their regulatory power and guide - and delimit - the interpretive power of arbitral tribunals, by reserving their right to pursue specific public policy objectives. The monograph explores the status quo of the right to regulate, in order to offer an appraisal and a reference tool for treatymakers, thus contributing to a better understanding of the concept and the broader discourse on how to enhance the investment law system's legitimacy

Contents:

Introduction

The right to regulate: general observations

The right to regulate in context

The rationale for inserting a right to regulate

Types of regulatory interests

Positive language on regulatory interests

The right to regulate in IIAs

The nexus requirement, self-judging clauses and the standard of review of exceptions

The right to regulate by subject

The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international law

Arbitral jurisprudence on the right to regulate (beyond IIAs and general international law) and the question of an implicit right to regulate

Conclusion

I. Introduction

II. The right to regulate: general observations

A. The right to regulate: what's in a name...

B. ... and what's not in the name

1. Limiting the scope of investment protection

2. Deference afforded at tribunal discretion

3. Clarifications and interpretative statements

4. Doing away with investor-state dispute settlement

5. Elimination of the umbrella clause

6. Exceptions versus reservations

C. Concluding remarks

III. The right to regulate in context

A. The pre-modern-investment-world regime

B.WTO law, EU law and the European Convention on Human

Rights

C. Some developments at the bilateral level

D.Developments at the plurilateral level: the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement

E.Developments at the collective level: the right to regulate and European investment agreements

F. Concluding remarks

IV. The rationale for inserting a right to regulate

A. Arbitration as a perceived threat to state regulatory freedom

B. Policy space as a remedy to a systemic imbalance

V. Types of regulatory interests

A. General observations

B. Essential security interests

1. General observations on essential security interests

2.Essential security interests, economic crises and economic security

3.Essential security interests and access to strategic

industries

4. Essential interests

5. International peace and security

6. Circumstances of extreme emergency

C. Public order (ordre public)

D. Regulation in the public interest

E. Concluding remarks

VI. Positive language on regulatory interests

A. Positive language

B. 'Declaratory' right to regulate

C. The right to regulate and the preamble

D. Concluding remarks

VII. The right to regulate in IIAs

B. The right to regulate in the respective standards of treatment

1. General remarks

2.The right to regulate and the contingent standards of treatment: most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment

i. General observations

ii. The REIO exception in the contingent standards

iii.Idiosyncratic exceptions to the non-discrimination standards

iv. Non-extension of the MFN treatment to ISDS

v.The right to regulate and the 'in like circumstances'

formula

3.The right to regulate and the fair and equitable treatment,the minimum standard of treatment and full protection and security

4. The right to regulate and expropriation

i. The right to regulate and expropriation in general

ii.Exception to the expropriation standard modelled on the ECHR - A consideration de lege ferenda?

5. The right to regulate and the free transfer of capital

i.Exceptions relating to bankruptcy, securities'trading, criminal offences, compliance with adjudicatory proceedings and the soundness of financial institutions

ii.Temporary derogations in case of balance-ofpayments crises and difficulties for monetary and exchange rate policies

iii.The REIO exception and capital transfers (EU

BIT Judgments-related exception)

6. The right to regulate and performance requirements

7. The right to regulate and provisions on compensation for losses

C.The right to regulate as a general regulatory clause (or

general exceptions applicable to the entire treaty)

2. General regulatory clauses and the public interest ('General exceptions' modelled after Article XX GATT or the right to regulate by subject: the public interest)

i. General exceptions clauses modelled after Article XX GATT

ii. Relevance of GATT

WTO jurisprudence

iii. Relevance of general exceptions clauses modeled after Article XX GATT to specific standards of treatment and regulatory interests

a. Expropriation

b. National and most-favoured-nation treatment

c. Fair and equitable treatment, minimum standard of treatment and full protection and security

d. Transfers of capital

e. Performance requirements

f. The chapeau (or equivalent) and national security exceptions

11

VIII.

A. The nexus requirement

B. 'The State considers' - Self-Judging clauses

1. General

2. The standard of review of self-judging clauses

C.The standard of review in the absence of a self-judging clause

IX. The right to regulate by subject

A. Essential security interests

B. Taxation

C. Cultural diversity

1. Introduction

2. The exception for cultural diversity

3. Considerations for cultural policy outside the stricto sensu investment context

4. Cultural exception, exception for cultural policy and the investment law context

i. The Multilateral Agreement on Investment and the exception for culture

ii.France and 'the framework of measures designed to preserve and promote cultural and linguistic diversity'

iii. The European Union and the promotion of cultural diversity

iv. The Canadian approach: carving cultural industries out of the scope of the agreement

X. The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international law

A. The right to regulate under customary international law as reflected in the ILC Articles

2. Necessity

i. Necessity and the criteria for its successful invocation

ii. Practical availability of the necessity defence

iii. Does customary international law provide a national security defence?

3. Force majeure and distress

4. Legal nature and effects of upholding a defence under the ILC Articles

i. Legal nature and operation of the defence

ii. Compensation

5. ILC defences and the right to regulate. Some further reflections

B. Ius cogens

C. The clausula rebus sic stantibus and bribery

XI. Arbitral jurisprudence on the right to regulate (beyond IIAs and general international law) and the question of an implicit right to regulate

B. Arbitral jurisprudence and the legitimate interests of the host state (examination by standard)

1. The fair and equitable treatment

2. Expropriation

3. Concluding remarks

C. The protection of essential security interests in the absence of an express treaty-based right to regulate

D. Are explicit treaty exceptions necessary to reserve policy space?

E. Is an explicit treaty-based right to regulate harmful to

regulatory freedom?

VI. Conclusion

Notes:

Originally presented as author's thesis (doctoral)--Universität-Gesamthochschule-Siegen, 2013

Includes bibliographical references (pages 305-330) and index

ISBN:

9781472561695

1472561694

9781782253969

1782253963

OCLC:

897509146