Essentials of flow assurance solids in oil and gas operations : understanding fundamentals, characterization, prediction, environmental safety, and management / Abdullah Hussein.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Hussein, Abdullah, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Flow assurance (Petroleum engineering).

Fluid dynamics.

Oil fields--Production methods.

Oil fields.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1124 pages)

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Oxford, England : Gulf Professional Publishing, 2023.

Summary:

Flow assurance solids deposition is one of the main challenges in oil and gas production operations with millions of dollars spent annually on their mitigation. Essentials of Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas Operations works as an all-inclusive reference for engineers and researchers, covering all the different types of solids that are commonly encountered in oil and gas fields. Structured to flow through real-world operations, the reference branches through each solid deposit problem where the root causes are as well as modeling, monitoring, characterization, and management strategies, all comprehensively reviewed in the light of contemporary research breakthroughs.

Contents:

Intro

Essentials of Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas Operations: Understanding Fundamentals, Characterization, Prediction, En...

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Chapter 1: Oil and Gas Production Operations and Production Fluids

1.1. Introduction

1.2. What is petroleum?

1.3. How was petroleum formed?

1.3.1. The biogenic theory of formation of petroleum

1.3.2. Abiogenic theory of formation of petroleum

1.4. Life cycle of oil and gas fields and stages of development

1.4.1. Exploration

1.4.2. Drilling

1.4.3. Completion

1.4.4. Production

1.4.4.1. Primary recovery

1.4.4.2. Secondary recovery

1.4.4.3. Enhanced oil recovery

1.4.4.4. Crude oil and gas processing

1.4.4.5. Produced water treatment

1.4.5. Workover/recompletion

1.4.6. Eventual abandonment

1.5. The production system

1.6. Production system parameters

1.6.1. Pressure

1.6.2. Temperature

1.6.3. pH

1.6.4. Flow rate

1.6.5. System design

1.7. Production fluids

1.7.1. Hydrocarbons

1.7.1.1. Natural gas

1.7.1.1.1. Natural gas composition and properties

1.7.1.1.2. Classification of natural gas

1.7.1.2. Condensate

1.7.1.2.1. Condensate composition and properties

1.7.1.3. Crude oil

1.7.1.3.1. Crude oil composition

1.7.1.3.2. Physical properties of crude oil

1.7.1.3.3. Classification of crude oils

1.7.1.4. Hydrocarbon analysis methods and techniques

1.7.2. Water

1.7.2.1. Origins of produced water

1.7.2.2. Chemical composition of produced water

1.7.2.3. Physical properties of produced water

1.7.2.4. Water analysis methods and techniques

1.7.3. Phase behavior of petroleum fluids

1.7.3.1. Phase behavior of hydrocarbon systems

1.7.3.2. Phase behavior of water-hydrocarbon system

1.8. Summary

References

Chapter 2: Flow Assurance

2.1. Introduction.

2.2. The concept of fluid flow

2.3. Pressure drop

2.4. Factors affecting pressure drop

2.4.1. Wellbore pressure drop

2.4.2. System design and installations

2.4.3. Friction

2.4.4. Surface roughness

2.4.5. Fluid properties

2.4.6. Temperature

2.4.7. Gravity forces

2.4.8. Fluid flow regimes

2.4.9. Solid particle transport and deposition

2.5. The flow assurance concept

2.6. Fluid dynamics

2.6.1. Multiphase flow regimes

2.6.1.1. Gas-liquid and liquid-liquid flow regimes

2.6.1.2. Solid-fluid flow regimes

2.6.2. Computational fluid dynamics

2.7. Production chemistry

2.7.1. Solid deposits

2.7.2. Emulsions

2.7.2.1. Emulsification mechanism

2.7.2.2. Types of emulsions

2.7.2.3. Emulsion control methods

2.7.3. Sludge

2.7.4. Petroleum foams

2.7.5. Corrosion

2.7.5.1. Corrosion mechanisms

2.7.5.2. Forms of corrosion

2.7.5.3. Corrosion control

2.7.6. Oilfield microbiology

2.7.7. Reservoir souring

2.7.8. Production chemicals

2.7.9. Complexity of production chemistry problems

2.8. Flow assurance strategy

2.8.1. Sampling

2.8.2. Analysis

2.8.3. Modeling

2.8.4. Management strategy

2.8.5. Monitoring and improvement

2.9. Flow assurance case studies

2.10. Summary

Chapter 3: Problems Associated With Flow Assurance Solids in Production

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Where do deposits form in a production system?

3.3. The cost of solids formation and deposition

3.4. Flow restrictions

3.4.1. Formation damage

3.4.2. Production tubular flow restrictions and blockages

3.4.2.1. Pressure drop due to solids transportation and interactions

3.4.2.2. Pressure drop due to changes in surface roughness

3.4.2.3. Pressure drop due to changes in conduit dimensions

3.5. Equipment impairment and failure.

3.5.1. Heat transfer equipment impairment and failure

3.5.2. Pumps impairment and failure

3.5.3. Separation equipment impairment and failure

3.5.4. Flowmeter impairment and failure

3.5.5. Valve impairment and failure

3.5.6. Sand control equipment impairment and failure

3.6. Production chemistry problems induced by solids deposition

3.6.1. Emulsion stabilization by solids

3.6.2. Corrosion problems

3.6.3. Microbial activity

3.7. Safety and environmental problems

3.8. Summary

Chapter 4: Principles of Flow Assurance Solids Formation Mechanisms

4.1. Introduction

4.2. What is a solid deposit?

4.3. Types of solid deposits in oil and gas fields

4.4. Precipitation vs deposition

4.5. Mechanism of formation of solid deposits

4.5.1. Step (1) supersaturation

4.5.1.1. Supersaturation in aqueous solutions

4.5.1.2. Supersaturation in molecular solutions

4.5.1.3. Factors affecting supersaturation

4.5.2. Step (2) nucleation

4.5.2.1. Types of nucleation

4.5.2.2. Nucleation theories

4.5.2.3. Homogeneous nucleation

4.5.2.4. Heterogeneous nucleation

4.5.2.5. Rate of nucleation

4.5.2.6. Induction time

4.5.2.7. Secondary nucleation

4.5.2.8. Gas hydrate nucleation

4.5.2.9. Wax nucleation

4.5.2.10. Asphaltenes nucleation

4.5.2.11. Naphthenate nucleation

4.5.2.12. Factors affecting the nucleation

4.5.3. Step (3) crystal growth

4.5.3.1. Crystal growth theories

4.5.3.2. Crystal growth rate

4.5.3.3. Factors affecting crystal growth

4.5.4. Step (4) adhesion

4.5.4.1. Particles motion and transport

4.5.4.2. Attachment

4.5.5. Step (5) aging

4.5.5.1. Aging of mineral scales

4.5.5.2. Aging of organic deposits

4.5.5.3. Factors affecting aging

4.6. Fouling

4.7. Recent advances in solid deposit formation mechanism research.

4.8. Summary

Chapter 5: Mineral Scales in Oil and Gas Fields

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Calcium carbonate scale

5.2.1. Mechanism of calcium carbonate formation and its polymorphs

5.2.2. Factors affecting the formation of calcium carbonate scale

5.2.2.1. Effect of pH

5.2.2.2. Effect of pressure

5.2.2.3. Effect of temperature

5.2.2.4. Effect of dissolved salts

5.2.2.5. Effect of metal ions

5.2.2.6. Effect of alkalinity

5.2.2.7. Effect of bacteria

5.2.2.8. Effect of fluid dynamics

5.2.2.9. Geochemical interactions

5.3. Calcium sulfate scale

5.3.1. Mechanism of calcium sulfate scale formation and its polymorphs

5.3.2. Factors affecting precipitation of calcium sulfates

5.3.2.1. Effect of Temperature

5.3.2.2. Effect of pressure

5.3.2.3. Effect of dissolved salts

5.3.2.4. Effect of pH

5.4. Barium sulfate scale

5.4.1. Mechanism of barium sulfate scale formation

5.4.2. Factors affecting the formation of barium sulfate scale

5.4.2.1. Effect of temperature

5.4.2.2. Effect of pressure

5.4.2.3. Effect of dissolved solids

5.4.2.4. Effect of sulfide scale deposits

5.4.2.5. Effect of fluid hydrodynamics

5.5. Strontium sulfate

5.5.1. Mechanism of strontium sulfate scale formation

5.5.2. Factors affecting the formation of strontium sulfate scale

5.5.2.1. Effect of temperature

5.5.2.2. Effect of dissolved salts

5.5.2.3. Effect of pressure

5.5.2.4. Effect of turbulence

5.6. Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)

5.6.1. Radioactive decay and naturally occurring radionuclide (NOR) formation

5.6.1.1. Thorium and uranium NORs

5.6.1.2. Radium NORs

5.6.1.3. Radon NORs

5.6.1.4. Lead NORs

5.6.2. Factors affecting the formation of NORM scale

5.7. Iron compound scales

5.7.1. Sources of iron ion in production fluids.

5.7.2. Iron carbonate scale

5.7.2.1. Mechanisms of iron carbonate scale formation

5.7.2.2. Factors affecting the formation of iron carbonate scale

5.7.2.2.1. Effect of temperature

5.7.2.2.2. Effect of pressure

5.7.2.2.3. Effect of pH

5.7.2.2.4. Effect of water cut

5.7.2.2.5. Effect of dissolved ions

5.7.2.2.6. Effect of organic acids

5.7.3. Iron sulfide scale

5.7.3.1. Mechanisms of iron sulfide scale formation

5.7.3.2. Iron sulfide compounds and polymorphs

5.7.3.3. Factors affecting the formation of iron sulfide scale

5.7.3.3.1. Effect of temperature

5.7.3.3.2. Effect of pressure

5.7.3.3.3. Effect of pH

5.7.3.3.4. Effect of flow rate

5.7.4. Mixed iron sulfides-iron carbonate scales

5.7.5. Iron oxides, iron hydroxides, and iron oxy-hydroxides

5.7.5.1. Formation of iron oxygen compounds under aerobic conditions in the absence of H2S/CO2

5.7.5.2. Formation of iron-oxygen compounds under aerobic conditions in the presence of H2S/CO2

5.7.5.3. Formation of iron-oxygen compounds under anaerobic conditions, in the absence of H2S/CO2

5.7.5.4. Formation of iron-oxygen compounds under anaerobic conditions in the presence of H2S/CO2

5.7.5.5. Formation of iron oxides/hydroxides by bacteria

5.7.5.6. Factors affecting the formation of iron oxides/hydroxides

5.7.6. Mill scale

5.8. Zinc and lead sulfide scales

5.8.1. Mechanism of zinc and lead sulfide scales formation

5.8.2. Factors affecting the formation zinc and lead sulfide scales

5.8.2.1. Effect of temperature

5.8.2.2. Effect of pH

5.8.2.3. Effect of Dissolved solids

5.8.2.4. Effect of pressure

5.8.2.5. Mixing incompatible fluids

5.9. Halite scale

5.9.1. Mechanism of halite scale formation

5.9.2. Factors affecting halite deposition

5.9.2.1. Effect of temperature

5.9.2.2. Effect of pressure.

5.9.2.3. Effect of water/gas ratio.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Hussein, Abdullah Essentials of Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas Operations

ISBN:

9780323995917

0323995918