Safety Design for Space Systems / Tommaso Sgobba [and three others], editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Sgobba, Tommaso, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Astronautics--Safety measures.

Astronautics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1190 pages)

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Kidlington, England : Elsevier Ltd., [2023]

Summary:

The lack of widespread education in space safety engineering and management has profound effects on project team effectiveness in integrating safety during design. On one side, it slows down the professional development of junior safety engineers, while on the other side it creates a sectarian attitude that isolates safety engineers from the rest of the project team. To speed up professional development, bridge the gap within the team, and prevent hampered communication and missed feedback, the entire project team needs to acquire and develop a shared culture of space safety principles and techniques.The second edition of Safety Design for Space Systems continues to address these issues with substantial updates to chapters such as battery safety, life support systems, robotic systems safety, and fire safety. This book also features new chapters on crew survivability design and nuclear space systems safety. Finally, the discussion of human rating concepts, safety-by-design principles, and safety management practices have also been revised and improved.

Contents:

Front Cover

Safety Design for Space Systems

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

List of contributors

About the editors

Preface to the first edition

Preface to the second edition

Acknowledgments

1 - Introduction

1.1.1 Apollo 1

1.1.2 Soyuz 1

1.1.3 Soyuz 11

1.1.4 Shuttle Challenger

1.1.5 Shuttle Columbia

1.1.6 SpaceShipTwo

1.1.7 Data on human spaceflight incidents

1.2.1 The space system

1.2.1.1 Systems of systems

1.2.2 Space system safety

1.3.1 Change brings risk, but lack of change also brings risk

1.4.1 Introductory part

1.4.2 General part

1.4.3 Special safety topics

References

2 - The space environment: natural and induced

2.1.1 Composition

2.1.2 Atomic oxygen

2.1.3 The ionosphere

2.1.3.1 Ionospheric models

2.1.3.2 Variations in the ionosphere

2.1.3.3 Behavior of radio waves in the ionosphere

2.2.1 Orbital debris

2.2.1.1 Launch and mission-related objects

2.2.1.2 Explosion and collision fragments

2.2.1.3 Debris sources unrelated to fragmentation

2.2.1.4 Debris impact probability

2.2.2 Meteoroids

2.2.2.1 Meteoroid population

2.2.2.2 Meteoroid impact probability

2.3.1 Acoustics safety issues

2.3.2 Acoustic requirements

2.3.2.1 Continuous noise

2.3.2.2 Intermittent noise

2.3.2.3 Narrow band components

2.3.2.4 Ultrasound and infrasound

2.3.2.5 Hazardous overall noise limits

2.3.2.6 Reverberation time

2.3.2.7 Alarms

2.3.3 Compliance and verification

2.3.4 Conclusions and recommendations

Recommended reading

2.4.1 Ionizing radiation

2.4.1.1 Sources of ionizing radiation

2.4.1.1.1 Solar particle radiation

2.4.1.1.2 Galactic cosmic radiation

2.4.1.1.3 Trapped radiation belts

2.4.1.2 Space radiation protection issues

2.4.1.3 Summary.

2.4.2 Radio frequency radiation

2.4.2.1 Sources

2.4.2.1.1 Local facility sources

2.4.2.1.2 Terrestrial emitters

2.4.2.1.3 Natural and triggered lightning

2.4.2.1.4 Vehicle-borne emitters

2.4.2.1.5 Satellite sources

2.4.2.1.6 Solar flares and sunspots

2.5.1 Introduction to the thermal environment

2.5.2 Spacecraft heat transfer considerations

2.5.2.1 Thermo-optical properties

2.5.2.2 Overall spacecraft heat balance

2.5.3 The natural thermal environment

2.5.3.1 Solar flux

2.5.3.2 Planetary infrared flux or outgoing longwave radiation

2.5.3.3 Albedo flux

2.5.3.4 The planetary form factor

2.5.3.5 Combined albedo and planetary infrared effects

2.5.4 The induced thermal environment

2.5.4.1 Spacecraft attitude considerations

2.5.4.2 The orbit beta angle

2.5.4.3 Spacecraft geometric effects

2.5.5 Other lunar and planetary environment considerations

2.6.1 Introduction to environmental effects

2.6.2 Combined environments

2.6.3 Combined effects

2.6.4 Ground testing for space simulation

Further reading

3 - Overview of bioastronautics

3.1.1 Muscular system

3.1.2 Skeletal system

3.1.3 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

3.1.4 Neurovestibular system

3.1.5 Radiation

3.1.6 Nutrition

3.1.7 Immune system

3.1.8 Extravehicular activity

3.1.8.1 Extravehicular activities during planetary surface explorations

3.2.1 Muscular system

3.2.2 Skeletal system

3.2.3 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

3.2.4 Neurovestibular system

3.2.5 Radiation

3.2.6 Nutrition

3.2.7 Immune system

3.2.8 Extravehicular activity

3.2.9 Core stability

3.3.1 Preflight preparation

3.3.2 In-flight measures

3.3.2.1 Exercise countermeasures

3.3.2.2 Vibration isolation and stability systems.

3.3.2.3 Cardiovascular exercise

3.3.2.4 Treadmills

3.3.2.5 Cycle ergometers

3.3.2.6 Resistance exercise for muscle growth

3.3.2.6.1 Advanced resistance exercise device

3.3.2.7 Advanced exercise concepts

3.3.2.8 Space motion sickness

3.3.2.9 Body fluid levels

3.3.2.10 Orthostatic intolerance

3.3.2.11 Bone

3.3.2.12 Radiation

3.3.2.13 Pain medications

3.3.2.14 Design considerations

3.3.2.15 Nutrition

3.3.2.16 Artificial gravity

3.3.2.16.1 Balancing velocity and radius

3.3.2.16.2 Short arm centrifuge

3.3.2.16.3 Long arm centrifuge

3.3.2.16.4 Mars surface

3.3.2.17 Other equipment

3.3.2.17.1 Lower body negative pressure

3.3.2.17.2 Fluid loading

3.3.2.17.3 Electrostimulation

3.3.2.17.4 Compression/load clothing

3.3.2.17.5 Occlusion cuffs

3.3.2.17.6 Compression garments

3.3.2.17.7 Combination

3.3.2.18 Extravehicular activity preparation

3.3.2.19 Shielding

3.3.3 In-flight medical monitoring

3.3.3.1 In-flight medical, psychological, and biomedical monitoring

3.3.3.1.1 Exploration class mission in-flight monitoring

3.3.3.2 Countermeasure prescription

3.3.4 Postflight recovery

4 - Space safety engineering and management

4.1.1 The risk of accidents

4.1.2 System safety engineering and management

4.2.1 Hazard and risk

4.2.2 Functional, inherent, and induced hazards

4.2.2.1 Functional hazards

4.2.2.2 Inherent hazards

4.2.2.3 Induced hazards

4.2.3 Failure and fault

4.3.1 Safety requirements, risk-based design, and safety case

4.3.1.1 Failure tolerance and fault tolerance

4.3.1.2 Fault avoidance

4.3.1.3 Emergency and crew survival requirements

4.3.2 Hazard analysis

4.3.2.1 Hazard identification

4.3.2.2 Functional hazard analysis

4.3.2.2.1 Definition of system functional architecture.

4.3.2.2.2 Evaluation of functional failures impact on safety

4.3.2.2.3 Fault tolerant system architecture definition

4.3.2.3 Preliminary hazard analysis

4.3.2.4 Hazard elimination and risk mitigation

4.3.2.5 Design hazard controls

4.3.2.5.1 Barriers, inhibits, and interlocks

4.3.2.5.2 Fail-safe design

4.3.2.5.3 Redundancies

4.3.2.5.4 Use of design standards

4.3.2.5.5 Safe without services

4.3.2.6 Operational hazard controls

4.3.3 Design compliance assessment

4.3.4 Integrating safety in the system design process

4.3.4.1 Reductionism versus holism

4.4.1 Organizational requirements

4.4.2 Safety design validation

4.4.2.1 Safety review process

4.4.2.2 Safety data package

5 - Safety policy and human rating

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Policies, regulations, and standards

5.2.1 Prescriptive versus performance regulations and standards

5.2.1.1 Prescriptive requirements

5.2.1.2 Performance requirements

5.2.2 Safety regulations and authority

5.3 Human rating

5.3.1 Defining human rating

5.3.2 Early human-rating technical concepts

5.3.2.1 Integrating the human element

5.3.3 Shuttle risk management deficiencies

5.3.4 Post-Columbia human-rating policy

5.3.5 Evolution of NPR 8705.2 technical requirements

5.3.6 The human-rating certification package

5.3.7 NASA human-rating certification process

6 - Probabilistic risk assessment with emphasis on design

6.1 Basic elements of probabilistic risk assessment

6.1.1 Identification of initiating events

6.1.2 Application of event sequence diagrams and event trees

6.1.3 Modeling of pivotal events

6.1.4 Linkage and quantification of accident scenarios

6.2 Construction of a probabilistic risk assessment for design evaluations

6.2.1 Reference mission.

6.3 Relative risk evaluations

6.3.1 Absolute versus relative risk assessments

6.3.2 Roles of relative risk assessments in design evaluations

6.3.3 Quantitative evaluations

6.4 Evaluations of the relative risks of alternative designs

6.4.1 Overview of probabilistic risk assessment models developed

6.4.2 Relative risk comparisons of the alternative designs

7 - Safety considerations for the ground environment

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Ground support equipment

7.3 Documentation and reviews

7.4 Roles and responsibilities

7.5 Contingency planning

7.6 Flight hardware safety

7.7 Training

7.8 Hazardous operations

7.9 Tools

7.10 Human factors

7.11 Biological systems and materials

7.12 Electrical equipment and facilities

7.13 Radiation

7.14 Pressure systems

7.15 Explosive devices

7.16 Mechanical and electromechanical devices

7.17 Propellants

7.18 Cryogenics

7.19 Oxygen systems

7.20 Ground handling

7.21 Software safety

7.22 Summary

8 - Emergency and crew survival systems

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1 The need for crew survival systems

8.1.2 Orbital mission phases and emergencies

8.2 Emergency and crew survival capabilities

8.2.1 Probability of crew survival

8.2.2 Escape systems and abort modes

8.2.2.1 Escape during prelaunch and ascent

8.2.2.1.1 Soyuz launch abort system

8.2.2.1.2 Orion launch abort system

8.2.2.1.3 SpaceX dragon launch abort system

8.2.2.1.4 Launch escape by ejection seats

8.2.2.1.5 Space shuttle launch abort modes

8.2.2.1.6 Shuttle contingencies procedures

8.2.2.1.6 Shuttle contingencies procedures.

8.2.2.1.6.1 Ditching.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Sgobba, Tommaso Safety Design for Space Systems

ISBN:

9780323956550

0323956556