Clinical Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis Essentials and Current Updates / Shitiz Sriwastava and Evanthia Bernitsas, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Sriwastava, Shitiz, editor.

Bernitsas, Evanthia, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Multiple sclerosis.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (404 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Nikki Levy, [2024]

Summary:

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting the brain and spinal cord.Despite significant advances in treatment modalities the prognosis of this patient population is still poor.

Contents:

Front Cover

Clinical Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis Essentials and Current Updates

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgment

1 - Introduction to multiple sclerosis: Subtypes, pathogenesis, and diagnostic criteria

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis: knowledge and inference

Multiple sclerosis: epidemiology

Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis

Multiple sclerosis: histological classification

Multiple sclerosis: clinical classification

Multiple sclerosis: diagnostic criteria

Multiple sclerosis: new formalized terms-CIS and RIS

Clinically isolated syndrome

Radiologically isolated syndrome

Case example

Multiple sclerosis: history and future prospects

Conflict of interest statement

References

2 - An overview of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

Overview and epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Clinical presentation

Histopathological findings

Radiological findings

Diagnosis

Management

Treatment of acute attacks

Preventative (maintenance) therapy

Off-label disease-modifying therapies

Rituximab

Azathioprine

Mycophenolate mofetil

Methotrexate

FDA-approved therapies

Targeting the complement system (eculizumab, soliris)

Targeting B-lymphocytes cells: (inebilizumab)

Targeting the IL-6 receptor (satralizumab, enspryng)

Emerging therapies and ongoing trials

Tocilizumab

Aquaporumab (rAb-53)

Bevacizumab

Ublituximab

Autologous hematological stem cell transplantation

3 - Epidemiology, epigenetics, and etiological factors in multiple sclerosis

Prevalence and geography

Demographics

Genetics

Genome wide association studies

Interleukin 7 receptor alpha, interleukin 2 receptor alpha.

Human leukocyte antigen genes

Epigenetics

Environmental risk factors

Epstein-Barr virus

Human endogenous retrovirus type W

Cytomegalovirus

Human herpesvirus 6

UVB and latitude

Vitamin D

Smoking

Obesity

Dietary salt intake

Microbiome

4 - Beyond MS: Other demyelinating disorders and common mimickers

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease

Sarcoidosis

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Sjögren's syndrome

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Adult-onset leukodystrophies

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy

Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids

Behçet's disease

Susac syndrome

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

CNS vasculitis

5 - Disease-modifying therapies: Current landscape and emerging approaches

Treatment strategies

Disease-modifying therapies

Interferon beta (IFNβ-1a, -1b)

Glatiramer acetate

Natalizumab

Mitoxantrone

Teriflunomide

Fumarates (dimethyl fumarate, diroximel fumarate, and monomethyl fumarate)

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (fingolimod, siponimod, ozanimod, ponesimod)

Oral cladribine

Alemtuzumab

Anti-CD-20 monoclonal antibodies

Ocrelizumab

Ofatumumab

Emerging therapies

Ebstein-bar virus therapies (ATA-188, autologous EBV reactive T cells, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate)

BTK inhibitors (evobrutinib, tolebrutinib, fenebrutinib, remibrutinib)

Remyelinating therapies (clemastine fumarate, bazedoxifene acetate, CNM-Au8, BIIB061)

Immune suppressants (vidofludimus calcium, anakinra, foralumab, imatinib, SAR441344, simvastatin, EK-12, Hul001).

Humoral immune system (belimumab, ixazomib)

Immune tolerance (ANK-700, Tol-Dec, Neurovax)

Neural protection and antioxidation (N-acetyl cysteine, lipoic acid)

Stem cells therapies

Treatment failure

When to start

When to switch

When to discontinue

Escalation versus early intense therapy for multiple sclerosis

Treatment of clinically and radiologically isolated syndrome

COVID and DMT

6 - Treatment guidelines and considerations for pediatric multiple sclerosis

Epidemiology

Risk factors

T cells responses

B cells-antibodies

CSF proteomics

Diagnostic criteria

Disease course

Cognitive deficits

Disability accrual

Acute symptoms

Cognitive impairment

Clinical outcomes

Alternate diagnosis and mimics

Diagnostic evaluation

MRI

CSF

MRI findings

Treatment approach

Goal

Approach

Challenges

Acute treatment

Disease modifying agents

7 - Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy management: From preconception to postpartum

Prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpregnancy planning in patients with MS

Treatment of MS relapses during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Effects of breastfeeding on MS

Role of vitamin D in preventing postpartum relapse of MS

Best practice recommendations-disease-modifying therapies for pregnant women who have multiple sclerosis

Best practice recommendations: Disease-modifying therapies and lactation in women with MS

Conclusion

8 - Rare variant of multiple sclerosis

Tumefactive MS

Disease overview and epidemiology

Clinical findings

Radiologic findings

Histopathology findings

Investigations and diagnosis

Management.

Balo's concentric sclerosis

Prognosis

Schilder's disease

Clinical picture

Marburg MS

9 - Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis and related disorders: Advancements and concepts

Imaging protocols: brain, cervical and thoracic cord, and orbit

Protocol for brain imaging

Protocol for cervical and thoracic cord imaging

Protocol for orbit imaging

Imaging findings of brain, spinal cord, and orbits in MS

Brain imaging findings

Spinal cord imaging findings

Orbital imaging findings

MS variants and differential diagnosis

Balo concentric sclerosis

Marburg variant

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Neuro Behçet disease

Adult-onset leukodystrophy

Migraine

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Neuro sarcoidosis

Subacute combined degeneration of the cord

Acute transverse myelopathy

Newer imaging studies in multiple sclerosis

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Ultra-high-field MRI

Central vein sign

Diffusion tensor imaging.

Artificial intelligence

Dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI

Paramagnetic rim and iron deposits

Additional imaging in ultra-high-field MRI

10 - Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: Diagnostic applications

Role of OCT in multiple sclerosis

Diagnosis of prior unilateral or bilateral optic neuritis

Differentiating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuritis from multiple scle ...

Monitoring MS patients on fingolimod

Monitoring of disease activity in multiple sclerosis

Prognostication value for MS

OCT angiography

Further reading

11 - Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis

Definition

Cognitive functions and cognitive reserve

Attention and processing speed

Cognitive processing speed

Attention

Executive functioning

Learning and memory

Visual perception

Language

Cognitive reserve hypothesis

Structural and imaging findings

Cortical gray matter

Thalamus

Basal nuclei

Hippocampus

White matter

Corpus callosum

Ventricular enlargement

Functional MRI changes

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

Screening recommendations

Symbol Digit Modalities Test

Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Questionnaire

Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test

Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test

Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS

Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis

Differential diagnosis

Treatment

Cognitive rehabilitation

Restorative cognitive rehabilitation

Compensatory cognitive rehabilitation

Pharmacologic

Exercise training

Impact

Index.

Back Cover.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

0-323-95342-5

OCLC:

1417760399