Forensic document examination in the 21st century / edited by Jan Seaman Kelly and Miriam Angel.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Seaman Kelly, Jan, editor.

Angel, Miriam, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Forensic sciences--History--21st century.

Forensic sciences.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (337 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.

Summary:

"Forensic Document Examination in the 21st Century covers the latest technology and techniques providing a complete resource on contemporary issues and methods in forensic document examination. Forensic document examiners provide their findings as expert testimony in court. Due to rapid changes in technology, including digital documents, printing and photocopying capabilities, and more, there is a great need for this up-to-date reference. The examination of documents can include comparison of handwriting or hand-printing; detection of alterations or photocopier and computer manipulation; restoration or decipherment of erased and obliterated writing; visualization of latent impressions; the identification of printing processes; and differentiation of inks. Computer-generated documents are prevalent, and electronically-captured signatures are becoming more widespread, meaning the knowledge of advances in technology and adoption of new validated techniques and methods of document examination are crucial to the reliability of forensic opinions. Forensic Document Examination in the 21st Century includes the latest research on the subject and with contributions from leading experts on their various areas of expertise. The book will be a welcome addition to the literature and support the foundational basis for methods and procedures for use it expert testimony in court, serving as a resource for forensic document examiners, trainees, and those in the criminal and legal communities who use the services of expert document examiners and witnesses"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Table of Contents

Preface

Editors

Contributors

Section I: Modern Standards,

1 Forensic Document Examiner Training

1.1 Skills and Aptitude of the Trainee

1.2 Foundation of Training

1.3 Components of a Training Plan

1.4 Conclusion

References

2 Standards in Forensic Document Examination

3 The Logical Approach to Evidence Evaluation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 History

3.3 Inference and Reasoning

3.4 Key Concepts

3.5 Elements of the Logical Approach Specific to FDE Work

3.5.1 Consider the Framework

3.5.2 Set the Propositions

3.5.3 Declare Expectations

3.5.4 Conduct the Examination

3.5.5 Evaluate Findings in Terms of the Propositions

3.5.6 Determine the Opinion

3.6 Sub-Propositions and Multiple Propositions

3.7 Challenges and Concerns

3.8 Conclusion

4 Cognitive Bias and Handwriting Examination: Concepts, Current Knowledge, and Future Practice

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Cognitive Organization of Conceptual Knowledge

4.3 Schemas and Expertise

4.4 Human Cognition: Cognitive Misers and Motivated Tacticians

4.5 Confirmation Bias

4.6 Contextual Bias

4.7 Cognitive Human Factors Research: Current Knowledge and Future Directions for Forensic Document Examination Studies

4.7.1 Direct Priming

4.7.2 The Representative Heuristic

4.8 Summary

4.8.1 Confirmation Bias

4.8.2 Reducing the Impact of Extraneous and Potentially Biasing Information

5 Forensic Intelligence

6 Expert Testimony: The Path to the Jury

6.1 Structure of the Court System

6.2 Overview of Civil Litigation

6.3 Appellate Courts

6.4 Overview of Criminal Litigation

6.5 Arbitration

6.6 Rules Relating to Expert Testimony - The Expert Report.

6.7 The Judge's Role in the Admissibility of Expert Testimony

6.8 Court Opinions

6.9 The Daubert Trilogy

6.10 Conclusion

Section II: Handwriting Topics and Research

7 Development of Habitual Handwriting Characteristics in Elementary School Students

7.1 Early Findings on Handwriting Development

7.2 Development of Handwriting Skill

7.3 Development of Non-class Characteristic Handwriting Habits Over Time

7.3.1 First Approach: Analysis of the Word and

7.3.2 Second Approach: Analysis of the Full Sample

7.3.3 Study Findings

7.4 Conclusions

Reference

8 Evaluation of Handwriting Evidence

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Unnatural Handwriting

8.2.1 Handwriting Production

8.2.2 FDE Skill in Distinguishing between Disguise and Simulation

8.2.3 Disguise Behavior in Signatures

8.2.4 Simulation Behavior in Signatures

8.2.5 Disguise Behavior in Handwritten Text

8.2.6 Simulation Behavior in Handwritten Text

8.2.7 Success of Simulation

8.3 Other Internal or External Factors

8.4 Complexity of Writing

8.5 Foreign Scripts and Legibility of Writing

8.6 Amount of Writing

8.7 Non-Original Documents

8.8 Nature of Known Writing

9 Forensic Hand-Printing Examination

9.1 Learning to Hand-Print

9.2 Hand-Printing Examination

9.3 History of Hand-Printing Identification

9.4 Reliability of FDE Examinations of Hand-Printing

10 Handwriting Complexity

10.1 Foundation for Complexity in Handwriting Examination

10.2 Complexity Theory in Forensic Document Examination

10.3 Complexity Models

10.4 Complexity and Extended Handwriting

10.5 Factors Related to Complexity

10.6 Conclusion

11 Examination of Foreign-Influenced Handwriting

11.1 Foreign-Influenced Handwriting

11.2 Supporting Basis for FDEs to Examine Foreign Handwriting Cases.

11.3 Handling Foreign Handwriting Cases

11.4 Foreign-Influenced Writing Resources

11.5 Conclusion

12 Frequency of Occurrence Proportions in Handwriting

12.1 What Is Frequency Occurrence?

12.2 Historical Application

12.3 Database Feature Selection

12.4 Population Sampling

12.5 Frequency of Occurrence Proportions and Forensic Document Examination

12.6 Examination Limitations

12.7 Use in Court

12.8 Future Expansion

13 Examination and Comparison of Handwriting by Forensic Document Examiners Compared to Laypersons

13.1 Research into the Ability to Differentiate Homogeneous Writing Samples

13.1.1 The Palmer Method of Handwriting

13.1.2 Writing Specimen Collection

13.1.3 Examination by the FDE Group

13.1.3.1 Method of Scoring and Accuracy Scores for the FDE Group

13.1.4 Examination of Specimens by the Laypersons Group

13.1.5 Comparison of Scores by FDEs to Those of Laypersons

13.2 Comparison of Study Results

13.3 Conclusion

Section III: Applications of Technology in Forensic Document Examination

14 Forensic Analysis of Handwritten Electronic Signatures

14.1 Where Are Electronic Signatures Found and Why Is It Important to Be able to Authenticate Them?

14.2 History of Electronic Signature Laws

14.3 Dynamic Signature Research

14.4 Tablets and Capture Devices

14.5 What Is Gained and What Is Lost in the Analysis of a Dynamic Signature?

14.6 Electronic Signature Analysis in Casework

14.7 Electronic Signature Analysis in Court

14.8 Looking Forward

15 Indentation Development and Visualization

15.1 Sources of Indentation

15.2 History of Development Methods

15.3 Oblique (Raking) Illumination

15.4 Electrostatic Detection Device (EDD)

15.4.1 Pre-Handling of Documents

15.4.2 Charging.

15.4.3 Toner Application

15.4.4 Cascade Development

15.4.5 Brush or Applicator Development

15.4.6 Aerosol or Cloud Development

15.4.7 Recording Results

15.4.8 Indentation Test Sheets or Strips

15.4.9 Why Does It Work?

15.5 Indentation Development for Printer/Paper Handling Marks

15.6 Overlays of EDD Lifts and Image Enhancement

15.7 Fracture Match Comparisons

15.8 Sequencing of Developed EDD Impressions and Visible Writing

15.8.1 Non-Ballpoint Pens and EDD Impressions

15.8.2 Ballpoint Pens and EDD Impressions

15.9 Other Techniques for Indentation Development

15.10 Thermal Paper

15.11 Conclusion

16 Examination of Cut, Torn, Shredded, and Perforated Documents

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Reassembly Methods

16.2.1 Preliminary Assessment

16.2.2 Sorting

16.2.3 Associating the Pieces

16.2.4 Positive Fracture Matching

16.2.5 Assembling the Pieces

16.2.6 Finishing

16.3 Specific Types of Document Disassembly

16.3.1 Cut Documents

16.3.1.1 Matching

16.3.2 Torn Documents

16.3.2.1 Associating/Assembling

16.3.3 Perforated Documents

16.3.3.1 Paper Safety Matches

16.3.4 Shredded Documents

16.3.4.1 Shred direction

16.3.4.2 Types of Shredded Documents (Paper vs. Plastic)

16.3.4.3 Reassembly

16.3.4.4 Computer-Aided Assembly

16.3.4.5 Finishing the Project

16.4 Conclusion

17 Electrophotography

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Steps of the Electrophotographic Process

17.3 Common Questions for Electrophotography Output

17.4 Copy Platen and Optical System Defects

17.5 Spatially-Periodic Defects

17.6 Obtaining Specimen Output from Electrophotographic Devices

17.7 Toner Composition

17.8 Banding in Electrophotography

17.9 Conclusion

18 Typography

18.1 Introduction

18.2 History of Typefaces.

18.3 Typographic Terminology

18.4 Typewriters

18.5 Typeface Classification

18.6 Word Processors, Computers, and Desktop Publishing

18.7 Typography Applied to Document Examination

18.8 Software to Design/Change Typeface

18.9 Sources of Typefaces

18.10 Point Sizes and Definition

18.11 Typography Rulers

18.12 Spacing of Type

18.13 Weight of Typeface

18.14 Typography in Casework: An Example

18.15 Summary

19 Computer Generated Documents

19.1 Computer Files

19.1.1 Software and Printer Drivers

19.1.2 Computer Font Files

19.1.3 Image Files

19.1.4 Compression

19.1.4.1 Uncompressed Image Files

19.1.4.2 Lossless Compressed Image Files

19.1.4.3 Lossy Compressed Image Files

19.2 Color Models, Spaces, and Depth

19.2.1 Color Model

19.2.2 Color Space

19.2.3 Color Gamut

19.2.4 Digital Imaging in FDE: Cameras

19.2.5 Digital Imaging in FDE: Scanners

19.3 Hardcopy Printing Devices

19.3.1 Impact Printers

19.3.2 Nonimpact Printers

19.4 Data Encoding of Physical Media

19.4.1 OCR-A and -B

19.4.2 Magnetic Stripe

19.4.3 Barcodes

19.4.5 Counterfeit Protection System (CPS)

19.4.6 Eurion Constellation and Anti-Counterfeiting Printing

19.5 Conclusion

20 Radiography

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Ionizing Radiation Types

20.3 Basic Atomic Structure

20.4 X-Rays

20.5 Gamma Rays (ɣ-Rays)

20.6 Neutron Radiography

20.7 Radiography Applied to Document Examination

20.8 Summary

21 Digital Examination Techniques and Considerations

21.1 Hardware and Software Considerations

21.1.1 Scanners

21.1.2 Digital Photography

21.1.3 Equipment

21.2 Direct Examinations

21.2.1 Background Color Removal

21.2.2 Ink Differentiation

21.2.3 Obliterated Writing

21.2.4 Digital Examination of Charred Documents.

21.2.5 Deciphering Carbon Paper.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-00-311222-6

1-003-11222-6

1-000-24536-5

1-000-24542-X

9781003112228

OCLC:

1162186633