Instrumentation and Control Systems for Nuclear Power Plants / edited by Mauro Cappelli.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Cappelli, Mauro, editor.

Series:

Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy.

Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Digital control systems.

Nuclear power plants--Control rooms.

Nuclear power plants.

Nuclear power plants--Instruments.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1114 pages)

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, MA : Elsevier Ltd., [2023]

Summary:

Instrumentation and Control Systems for Nuclear Power Plants provides the latest innovative research on the design of effective modern I&C systems for both existing and newly commissioned plants, along with information on system implementation. Dr. Cappelli and his team of expert contributors cover fundamentals, explore the most advanced research in control systems technology, and tackle topics such as the human–machine interface, control room redesign, and control modeling. The inclusion of codes and standards, inspection procedures, and regulatory issues ensure that the reader can confidently design their own I&C systems and integrate them into existing nuclear sites and projects.

Contents:

Front Cover

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Disclaimer

Front matter

Acknowledgments

1 - Fundamental topics

1 - In the form of an introduction

2 - Principles of I&amp

C systems for nuclear plants

2.1 The instrumentation and control world

2.2 I&amp

C system architecture

2.2.1 Control, data access, and communication systems

2.2.2 Machine protection subsystem (MPS)

2.2.3 Safety control system (SCS)

2.2.4 Occupational safety subsystem (OSS)

2.2.5 Personal access safety subsystem (PASS)

2.2.6 The radiation monitoring system for the environment and safety (RAMSES)

2.2.7 Central control versus local control

2.3 How safe is a nuclear reactor?

2.4 A simplified control system of a nuclear reactor

2.5 NPP I&amp

C systems for the main reactor types: a brief overview

2.6 In a search for an interface between plants and humans

2.6.1 Data management, alarms, and warnings

2.6.2 Data networks and timing system

2.7 From analog to digital: the emerging of technology in the nuclear world

2.7.1 NPP evolution in an evolutionary world

2.7.2 Where are we now?

2.8 Safety, security, and safeguards

References

3 - Fundamentals of analog I&amp

C systems

3.1 What are analog I&amp

C systems?

3.2 Plant controllers

3.3 PID controllers

3.3.1 Design of PID controllers. An example

3.4 Sensors

3.4.1 Signal conditioning and transport

3.4.2 Example of a measurement affected by noise

3.4.3 Additional sources of measurement errors

3.5 Actuators

3.6 Plant instrumentation

3.6.1 Flow

3.6.2 Liquid level

3.6.3 Core or coolant (inlet and outlet) temperature

3.6.3.1 Thermocouples.

3.6.3.2 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

3.6.3.3 Thermistors

3.6.4 Pressure

3.6.4.1 Bellows type detector

3.6.4.2 Bourdon tube type detector

3.7 Use case: liquid level measurement

3.8 Use case: cable aging

4 - Fundamentals of digital I&amp

4.1 Why digital I&amp

4.2 Digital circuits

4.2.1 Digital pulse counter

4.3 Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog conversion

4.4 Digital networks

4.4.1 Data networks

4.4.2 Data network design

4.5 Digital controllers

4.6 Digital devices

4.6.1 CPU-based systems: Programmable Logic Controllers

4.6.2 CPU-based systems and their limitations

4.6.3 Application of FPGA to NPPs

4.7 Use case: a digital measurement system

4.7.1 Timepix3 detector features

4.7.2 TPX3, laboratory calibration

4.7.3 Monte Carlo simulation procedure (Geant4)

4.7.4 Validation point: mass attenuation coefficient

4.7.5 Charge drift, diffusion, and sharing simulation

4.7.6 ToT calibration

4.7.7 Simulation results

4.7.8 Experimental results

4.8 Use case: a digital device for online monitoring and diagnostics in signal cables

4.8.1 Overall context usage

4.8.2 Architecture details

4.8.3 Device details

5. Fundamentals of linear systems: analysis and control

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Mathematical models

5.2.1 An example: the DC motor

5.2.2 Mathematical modeling via differential equations

5.3 Time domain analysis of the state and output response

5.3.1 Modal decomposition of the free state response

5.3.2 Modal decomposition of the free output response

5.3.3 Modal decomposition of the forced state response

5.3.4 Modal decomposition of the forced output response

5.4 The transfer function of an LTI system

5.4.1 The analysis of linear systems via the Laplace transform.

5.4.2 Properties of the Laplace transform

5.4.3 The use of the Laplace transform in the analysis of linear systems

5.4.4 Poles and zeros of a system

5.4.5 Dynamical interpretation of poles and zeros

5.4.6 The inverse Laplace transform

5.5 Stability notions for LTI system

5.5.1 The input-output stability

5.5.1.1 Bounded-input bounded-output stability

5.5.1.2 Conditions on the transfer function for BIBO stability

5.5.2 The internal stability

5.5.3 Internal stability versus BIBO stability

5.5.4 The stability of LTI systems

5.5.5 Transient and steady-state response

5.5.5.1 The steady-state response for polynomial inputs

5.5.5.2 The steady-state response for exponential inputs

5.5.5.3 The steady-state response for sinusoidal inputs

5.5.5.4 The steady-state response for generic systems

5.5.5.5 The Bode plots

Constant gain k

Monomial terms 1/jω and jω

Binomial terms 1/(1+jωτ) and 1+jωτ

Trinomial terms 1/(1+2ζjωωn+(jωωn)2) and 1+2ζjωωn+(jωωn)2

Delay ejωτ

5.5.5.6 The polar plots

5.5.5.7 The Nichols plots

5.5.6 The Routh stability criterion

5.5.7 Extensions of the Routh stability criterion

5.6 The realization problem

5.6.1 The realization problem for an LTI system

5.6.2 The canonical forms

5.7 The feedback control

5.7.1 The PID regulators

5.7.1.1 Tuning of a PID regulator

5.7.2 The Nyquist Criterion

5.7.2.1 The basic control scheme

5.7.2.2 The Nyquist criterion for the basic control scheme

5.7.2.3 The Nyquist criterion for more general control schemes

5.7.2.4 Stability margins

5.7.3 Frequency-domain control techniques

5.7.3.1 Characteristics of a control system

5.7.3.2 Steady-state performances

Polynomial signals

Sinusoidal signals

5.7.3.3 Disturbance rejection performances

Sinusoidal signals.

5.7.3.4 Transient performances and the step response

5.7.3.5 Transient for first order systems

5.7.3.6 Transient for second-order systems

5.7.3.7 Transient performances in the frequency domain

5.7.3.8 The Nichols chart

5.7.3.9 Lead and lag compensations

5.7.3.10 Design of the controller

5.7.4 The Evans or root locus

6 - Control of nuclear power plants

6.1 The problem of the nuclear plant control

6.1.1 Introduction

6.2 Control system analysis

6.2.1 Control system safety analysis

6.2.2 System reliability and availability

6.3 Control system design

6.3.1 Control system design criteria

6.3.2 Regulatory schemes

6.3.3 Example of a regulatory scheme design

6.4 Nuclear reactor kinetics

6.4.1 Hypothesis and definitions

6.4.1.1 Criticality factor k

6.4.1.2 Multiplication excess kex

6.4.1.3 Reactivity ρ

6.4.1.4 Relationship between k, kex, and ρ

6.4.1.5 Neutron lifetime l

6.4.1.6 Average neutron invariant lifetime l∗

6.4.1.7 Neutron cycle C

6.4.2 Prompt neutrons and delayed neutrons

6.4.3 Space and point reactor kinetics

6.4.4 One-group neutron kinetics

6.4.5 One-group delayed neutron kinetics

6.4.6 Simplified analysis of the response to a reactivity step

6.4.7 M-group delayed neutron kinetics

6.4.8 The relation between reactivity and period

6.4.8.1 Period-reactivity diagrams

6.4.8.2 Period-reactivity approximate relations

6.5 Representations of the neutron kinetics

6.5.1 An analog nonlinear model of the neutron kinetics: a basis for the numerical simulation

6.5.1.1 Model equations

6.5.1.2 Electric circuit

6.5.2 Neutron kinetics transfer function

6.6 Power reactor dynamics

6.6.1 Thermal power produced in a nuclear reactor

6.6.2 Time behavior of a reactor with thermal power feedback.

6.6.2.1 Feedback proportional to the power

6.6.2.2 Feedback proportional to the temperature

Constant extracted power: E=E0

Extracted power linearly dependent on temperature: E=E0(1+h(Θ- Θ0))

6.6.3 Frequency analysis of a reactor with thermal power feedbacks

2 - Advanced topics

7. Advanced control system: theory and application to nuclear reactors

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Lyapunov stability theorem

7.3 Structural properties of linear systems

7.3.1 The reachability property

7.3.1.1 The reachability gramian and the reachability matrix

Computation of the reachable subspace and the reachability gramian

Computation of the reachable subspace and the reachability matrix

Reachability from a generic state and control input

7.3.2 The controllability property

7.3.2.1 The controllability gramian and the controllability matrix

Computation of the controllable subspace and the controllability gramian

Computation of the controllable subspace and the controllability matrix

Control input

7.3.3 Controllability tests

7.3.3.1 Matrix test for controllability

7.3.3.2 Eigenvector test for controllability

7.3.3.3 Popov-Belevitch-Hautus test for controllability

7.3.3.4 Lyapunov test for controllability

7.3.4 Determination of a basis for C

7.3.5 Controllability decomposition

7.3.6 The stabilizability property

7.3.7 Stabilizability tests

7.3.7.1 Eigenvector test for stabilizability

7.3.7.2 Popov-Belevitch-Hautus test for stabilizability

7.3.7.3 Lyapunov test for stabilizability

7.3.8 The unobservability property

7.3.8.1 The observability and constructibility gramians and the observability matrix

Computation of the unobservable and unconstructible subspaces and the observability and constructibility gramians.

Computation of the unobservable subspace and the observability matrix.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on: online resource; title from pdf title page (ScienceDirect, viewed on October 10, 2023).

Other Format:

Print version: Cappelli, Mauro Instrumentation and Control Systems for Nuclear Power Plants

ISBN:

9780081028377

OCLC:

1373985641