Resistance and stability of polymers / Gottfried W. Ehrenstein, Sonja Pongratz.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ehrenstein, Gottfried W. (Gottfried Wilhelm), 1937- author.

Pongratz, Sonja, 1969- author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Polymers--Chemical resistance.

Polymers.

Stabilizing agents.

Physical Description:

1 online resource

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Munich ; Cincinnati, Ohio : Hanser, [2013]

Language Note:

English

Summary:

A polymeric material's resistance to different environmental or processing related influences determines its suitability in any number of applications. Reliable information and performance predictions influence material selection. They take a variety of influences into consideration, among them resin manufacture, compounding, stabilization, processing, part design and end use

Contents:

Intro

Preface

Table of Contents

1 Principles of Aging

1.1 An Introduction to Polymers

1.1.1 Thermoplastics

1.1.2 Thermoplastic Elastomers

1.1.3 Elastomers

1.1.4 Thermosets (EP Resins)

1.1.4.1 Epoxy Resins (EP Resins)

1.1.4.2 Phenolic Resins (PF Resin)

1.1.4.3 Unsaturaded Polyesters (UP Resins)

1.1.4.4 Vinyl Ester Resin (VE Resin)

1.2 General Remarks, Definition of Terms

1.2.1 Definition of Aging

1.2.2 Additional Concepts

1.3 Short and Long-Term Behavior

1.3.1 Softening Behavior

1.3.2 Aging Behavior

1.3.3 Chemical Aging Processes (Chemical Degradation)

1.3.4 Physical Aging Processes and Physical Aging

1.3.4.1 Physical Aging Processes

1.3.4.2 Physical Aging

1.4 Influencing Factors

1.4.1 Effect of Temperature

1.4.1.1 Accelerative Effect of Temperature

1.4.1.2 Chemical Degradation

1.4.1.3 Physical Aging Processes

1.4.2 Effects of Oxygen

1.4.2.1 Chemical Degradation

1.4.2.2 Physical Aging Processes - Chemo-Crystallization

1.4.2.3 Effects of Ozone

1.4.3 Influence of Water

1.4.3.1 Chemical Degradation (Hydrolysis)

1.4.3.2 Physical Aging Processes

1.4.3.3 Mechanical Effects of Water

1.4.4 Influence of Mechanical Load

1.4.5 Influence of Chemical and Physical Structure

1.4.5.1 Influence of Chemical Structure

1.4.5.2 Influence of Physical Structure

1.4.6 Influence of Production Method, Catalyst Residue, and Metallic Contaminations

1.4.7 Additives

1.4.7.1 Glass Fibers

1.4.7.2 Fillers

1.4.7.3 Pigments

1.4.7.4 Influence of Chemical Purity

1.4.7.5 Flame Retardation Using Halogen Compounds

1.4.8 Effect of Radiation

1.4.8.1 Ultraviolet Radiation

1.4.8.2 Ionizing Radiation

1.4.9 Atmospheric Effects

1.4.9.1 UV Light

1.4.9.2 Temperature

1.4.9.3 Humidity, Water

1.4.9.4 Corrosive Gases.

1.4.9.5 Solid Contaminations

1.4.9.6 Material History

1.4.10 Influence of Chemicals

1.4.10.1 Chemical Media Influence, Solvolysis

1.4.10.2 Physical Media Influence

1.4.11 Biological Influences

1.5 Influence of Processing and Application

1.5.1 Aging during Processing

1.5.2 Aging during Service

1.6 Service Life Prediction

1.6.1 Prerequisites for Service Life Predictions

1.6.1.1 Determining Influencing Factors

1.6.1.2 Characterizing Damage Condition

1.6.1.3 Range of Extrapolation

1.6.2 Models for Service Life Prediction

1.6.2.1 Phenomenological Description of Aging

1.6.2.2 Standardized Processes

1.6.2.3 Models for Changes in Properties with Time

1.6.2.4 Arrhenius Equation

1.6.2.5 Time-Temperature Shift

1.6.3 Dimensioning to Meet a Specific Service Life

1.6.3.1 Reduction Factors

1.6.3.2 Service Life for Technical Parts Under Mainly Static Loads

1.6.3.3 Service Life Under Dynamic Load

1.6.3.4 Service Life of Pipes

2 Testing Methods

2.1 General Remarks

2.1.1 Methods for Testing Service Life

2.1.1.1 Simulation of Actual Conditions

2.1.1.2 Accelerated Tests

2.1.1.3 Equivalence of Radiant Energy Effect

2.1.1.4 Parallel Aging

2.1.2 Aging Criteria

2.1.3 Measurement Methods

2.1.3.1 Appearance and Surface Properties

2.1.3.2 Mechanical Properties

2.1.3.3 Change in Chemical (Molecular) Structure

2.1.3.4 Measuring the Effectiveness of Antioxidants

2.1.3.5 Identification of Stabilizers and Their Concentration

2.1.3.6 Change in Physical Structure

2.1.3.7 Additional Methods

2.2 Weathering

2.2.1 Selecting a Testing Method

2.2.2 Influencing Factors

2.2.2.1 Specimen Color

2.2.2.2 Radiation

2.2.2.3 Temperature

2.2.2.4 Moisture

2.2.2.5 Climates

2.2.2.6 Boundary Layer Climates.

2.2.2.7 Additional Influencing Factors in Weathering

2.2.3 Natural Weathering

2.2.3.1 Outdoor Weathering

2.2.3.2 Irradiation in Field Tests Under Window Glass

2.2.3.3 Others

2.2.4 Artificial Weathering

2.2.4.1 Irradiation Sources

2.2.4.2 Test Specifications

2.2.4.3 Process Monitoring Equipment

2.2.5 Comparability of Outdoor Weathering and Artificial Weathering

2.2.6 Simulation of Acid Precipitation: ADF Test

2.2.7 Light Exposure and Weathering of Foam Materials

2.2.8 Weathering of Rubber

2.2.8.1 Static Ozone Chamber Test

2.2.8.2 Dynamic Ozone Chamber Test

2.3 Resistance to Ionizing Radiation

2.4 Thermal and Thermal Oxidative Resistance

2.4.1 Short-Term Temperature Influence

2.4.2 Long-Term Temperature Influence

2.4.2.1 Selecting a Test Method

2.4.2.2 Oven Aging

2.4.2.3 Oxidative Induction Time and Temperature (OIT)

2.4.2.4 Creep Rupture Tests

2.4.2.5 Thermal-Oxidative Resistance of Elastomers

2.5 Chemical Resistance

2.5.1 Definition of Chemical Resistance

2.5.2 Field Tests and Experience

2.5.3 Immersion Test

2.5.4 Creep Rupture Tests

2.5.5 Stress-Cracking Resistance

2.5.5.1 Stress States in Component Parts

2.5.5.2 Stress Cracking Resistance of Plastics under Media Contact

2.6 Biological Resistance

2.6.1 Testing Resistance to Microorganisms

2.6.2 Compostability of Biodegradable Plastics

2.6.2.1 Framing Standards for Product Requirements

2.6.2.2 Standards Describing Testing Procedures

2.6.3 Biocompatibility Tests

2.7 Standards, UL Cards

2.7.1 Standards

2.7.1.1 General Standards

2.7.1.2 Weathering

2.7.1.3 Ionizing Radiation

2.7.1.4 Thermal and Thermal Oxidative Resistance

2.7.1.5 Chemical Resistance

2.7.1.6 Biological Resistance

2.7.2 Plastics Recognition Yellow Cards

2.8 Catalogue of Requirements.

2.8.1 Apparatus, Containers, Pipes, Tanks

2.8.2 Building Construction

2.8.3 Electrical Engineering

2.8.3.1 Thermal Aging in Cables

2.8.3.2 Stress Cracking Resistance in Cables

2.8.4 Automotive

2.8.4.1 Loads on Vehicles

2.8.4.2 Tests for Weathering Resistance

2.8.4.3 Airbag Modules

2.8.4.4 PUR Semi-Rigid Foam

2.8.4.5 Graying Test

2.8.4.6 Environmental Simulation Tests for Fuel-Carrying Plastics Components

2.8.5 Medical Technology

2.8.6 Rubber and Plastic Hoses

3 Stabilization

3.1 Basic Principles

3.1.1 Market Development

3.1.2 Basic Principles of Stabilization

3.1.3 Influencing Factors

3.1.3.1 Fillers

3.1.3.2 Noxious Gases

3.1.3.3 Effect of Acids

3.2 Antioxidants

3.2.1 Primary Antioxidants (H Donors and Radical Interceptors)

3.2.1.1 Phenolic Antioxidants

3.2.1.2 Lactones

3.2.1.3 Sterically Hindered Amines (HAS)

3.2.1.4 Aromatic Amines

3.2.1.5 Hydroxylamines

3.2.2 Secondary Antioxidants (Hydroperoxide Decomposers)

3.2.2.1 Phosphites and Phosphonites

3.2.2.2 Thio Stabilizers

3.2.3 Bifunctional Stabilizers

3.2.4 Stabilizer Blends

3.3 Thermostabilizers, PVC Stabilizers

3.4 Light Stabilizers

3.4.1 UV Absorbers

3.4.2 Quenchers

3.4.3 Radical Scavengers and Hydroperoxide Decomposers

3.5 Bio-Stabilizers

3.6 Other Stabilizers

3.6.1 Lubricants

3.6.2 Other Additives

3.6.3 Metal Deactivators, Complexing Agents

3.6.4 Hydrolysis Stabilizers

3.7 Stabilization of Individual Polymers

3.7.1 Polyolefins

3.7.1.1 Thermal Oxidation

3.7.1.2 Light Protection

3.7.2 Styrene Polymers

3.7.2.1 Thermal Oxidation

3.7.2.2 Light Stabilization

3.7.3 Polycarbonate and Blends

3.7.3.1 Thermal Oxidation

3.7.3.2 Light Protection

3.7.3.3 Hydrolysis Stabilizers

3.7.4 Polymethyl Methacrylate

3.7.4.1 Thermal Oxidation.

3.7.4.2 Light Protection

3.7.5 Polyvinyl Chloride

3.7.5.1 Thermal Degradation

3.7.5.2 Light Protection

3.7.6 Polyoxymethylene

3.7.6.1 End Group Stabilization

3.7.6.2 Integration of Comonomers

3.7.6.3 Stabilization against Thermal-Oxidative Degradation

3.7.6.4 Light Protection

3.7.7 Thermoplastic Polyester

3.7.7.1 Thermal Degradation during Processing

3.7.7.2 Thermal Oxidation

3.7.7.3 Thermal Oxidation of Polyethylene Terephthalate

3.7.7.4 Light Protection

3.7.7.5 Hydrolysis

3.7.8 Polyamides

3.7.8.1 Thermal Oxidation

3.7.8.2 Light Protection

3.7.8.3 Semi-Aromatic and Aromatic Polyamides

3.7.9 Cellulose and its Derivatives

3.7.9.1 Thermal Loading and Oxidation

3.7.9.2 Light Protection

3.7.10 Polyurethanes

3.7.10.1 Thermal Oxidation

3.7.10.2 Light Protection

3.7.10.3 Hydrolysis

3.7.11 Thermoplastic Polyurethanes

3.7.12 Tetrafluoroethylene-Ethylene Copolymer

3.7.13 High-Temperature Thermoplastics

3.7.13.1 Polyarylate

3.7.13.2 Polyphenylene Ether and Blends

3.7.13.3 Polyphenylene Sulfide

3.7.14 Thermosets

3.7.14.1 Storage Stability Prior to Processing

3.7.14.2 Molding Materials: Curing

3.7.14.3 Molding Materials: Structural Aspects

3.7.14.4 Design Aspects

3.7.15 Elastomers

3.7.15.1 Thermal Oxidation

3.7.15.2 Light Protection

3.8 Stabilization of Recycled Materials

4 Processing

4.1 Processing Influencing Service Properties

4.1.1 Influencing Parameters

4.1.1.1 Processing Parameters

4.1.1.2 Process Steps

4.1.1.3 Plastics Composition

4.1.1.4 Influence of Metallic Contaminations

4.1.1.5 Influence of Catalyst Residues

4.1.1.6 Influence of the Atmosphere

4.1.2 Processing Thermoplastics

4.1.2.1 Manufacturing Molding Compounds

4.1.2.2 Extrusion

4.1.2.3 Injection Molding

4.1.2.4 Forming Processes.

4.1.2.5 Cast Molding.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index

Description based on print version record.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9783446437098

3446437096

OCLC:

868885869