Understanding polymer processing : processes and governing equations / Tim A. Osswald.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Osswald, Tim A., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Plastics.

Polymers.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (381 pages)

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Munich, Germany ; Cincinnati, Ohio : Hanser Publishers : Hanser Publications, [2017]

Summary:

Provides the background needed to understand not only the wide field of polymer processing, but also the emerging technologies associated with the plastics industry. The book combines practical engineering concepts with modelling of realistic polymer processes.

Contents:

Intro

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Historical Background

1.2 General Properties

1.3 Macromolecular Structure of Polymers

1.4 Molecular Weight

1.5 Arrangement of Polymer Molecules

1.5.1 Thermoplastic Polymers

1.5.2 Amorphous Thermoplastics

1.5.3 Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics

1.5.4 Thermosets and Crosslinked Elastomers

1.6 Copolymers and Polymer Blends

1.7 Polymer Additives

1.7.1 Plasticizers

1.7.2 Flame Retardants

1.7.3 Stabilizers

1.7.4 Antistatic Agents

1.7.5 Fillers

1.7.6 Blowing Agents

1.8 Plastics Recycling

1.9 The Plastics and Rubber Industries

1.10 Polymer Processes

2 Mechanical Behavior of Polymers

2.1 Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers

2.1.1 Stress Relaxation

2.1.2 Time-Temperature Superposition

2.2 The Short-Term Tensile Test

2.2.1 Elastomers

2.2.2 Thermoplastic Polymers

2.3 Long-Term Tests

2.3.1 Isochronous and Isometric Creep Plots

2.3.2 Creep Rupture

2.4 Dynamic Mechanical Tests

2.5 Mechanical Behavior of Filled and Reinforced Polymers

2.6 Impact Strength

2.7 Fatigue

2.8 Weathering

3 Melt Rheology

3.1 Introduction to Rheology

3.1.1 Shear Thinning Behavior of Polymers

3.1.2 Normal Stresses in Shear Flow

3.1.3 Deborah Number

3.1.4 Rheology of Curing Thermosets

3.1.5 Suspension Rheology

3.1.6 Viscoelastic Flow Models

3.2 Rheometry

3.2.1 The Melt Flow Indexer

3.2.2 The Capillary Viscometer

3.2.3 The Cone-and-Plate Rheometer

4 Extrusion

4.1 Pumping

4.2 The Plasticating Extruder

4.2.1 The Solids Conveying Zone

4.2.2 The Melting Zone

4.2.3 The Metering Zone

4.3 Extrusion Dies

4.3.1 Sheeting Dies

4.3.2 Tubular Dies

5 Mixing

5.1 Distributive Mixing

5.2 Dispersive Mixing.

5.2.1.1 Break-Up of Particulate Agglomerates

5.2.2 Break-Up of Fluid Droplets

5.3 Mixing Devices

5.3.1 Banbury Mixer

5.3.2 Mixing in Single Screw Extruders

5.3.3 Static Mixers

5.3.4 Cokneader

5.3.5 Twin Screw Extruders

6 Injection Molding

6.1 The Injection Molding Cycle

6.2 The Injection Molding Machine

6.2.2 The Clamping Unit

6.2.3 The Mold Cavity

6.3 Special Injection Molding Processes

6.3.1 Multi-Component Injection Molding

6.3.2 Co-Injection Molding

6.3.3 Gas-Assisted Injection Molding (GAIM)

6.3.4 Injection-Compression Molding

6.3.5 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM)

6.3.6 Liquid Silicone Rubber Injection Molding

6.4 Computer Simulation in Injection Molding

6.4.1 Mold Filling Simulation

6.4.2 Orientation Predictions

6.4.3 Shrinkage and Warpage Predictions

7 Additive Manufacturing

7.1 Vat Polymerization Processes

7.1.1 Stereolithography (SLA)

7.1.2 Solid Ground Curing (SGC)

7.1.3 Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP)

7.2 Powder Bed Fusion

7.2.1 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

7.2.2 Multi Jet Fusion (MJF)

7.2.3 Selective Heat Sintering (SHS)

7.3 Material Extrusion

7.4 Material Jetting

7.4.1 Wax Jetting

7.4.2 Polymer Jetting

7.5 Sheet Lamination Processes

7.5.1 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)

7.5.2 Automated Tape Layup (ATL) and Automated Fiber Placement (AFP)

7.6 Binder Jetting

7.7 Indirect Additive Manufacturing

7.7.1 Wax Patterns for Casting

7.7.2 Binder Jetting for Casting

7.7.3 Additive Manufacturing for Molds

8 Other Plastics Processes

8.1 Fiber Spinning

8.2 Film Production

8.2.2 Film Blowing

8.3 Blow Molding

8.3.1 Extrusion Blow Molding

8.3.2 Injection Blow Molding

8.4 Thermoforming

8.5 Calendering

8.6 Coating.

8.7 Processing Reactive Polymers

8.8 Compression Molding

8.9 Foaming

8.10 Rotational Molding

8.11 Welding

9 Transport Phenomena in Polymer Processing

9.1 Dimensional Analysis and Scaling

9.1.1 Dimensional Analysis

9.1.2 Scaling and Similarity

9.2 Balance Equations

9.2.1 The Mass Balance or Continuity Equation

9.2.2 The Material or Substantial Derivative

9.2.3 The Momentum Balance or Equation of Motion

9.2.4 The Energy Balance or Equation of Energy

9.3 Model Simplification

9.3.1 Reduction in Dimensionality

9.3.2 Lubrication Approximation

9.4 Simple Models in Polymer Processing

9.4.1 Pressure Driven Flow of a Newtonian Fluid through a Slit

9.4.2 Flow of a Power Law Fluid in a Straight Circular Tube (Hagen-Poiseuille Equation)

9.4.3 Volumetric Flow Rate of a Power Law Fluid in Axial Annular Flow

9.4.4 Radial Flow between Two Parallel Discs - Newtonian Model

9.4.5 Cooling or Heating in Polymer Processing

9.5 Mechanics of Particulate Solids

9.5.1 Adhesive Forces and Flowability

9.5.2 Flowability and the Yield Locus

9.5.3 Momentum Balance and Constitutive Equations for Particulate Solids

9.5.4 Friction, Compaction, and Density Distribution

10 Modeling Polymer Processes

10.1 Single Screw Extrusion - Isothermal Flow Problems

10.1.1 Newtonian Flow in the Metering Section of a Single Screw Extruder

10.1.2 Cross Channel Flow in a Single Screw Extruder

10.1.3 Newtonian Isothermal Screw and Die Characteristic Curves

10.2 Extrusion Dies - Isothermal Flow Problems

10.2.1 End-Fed Sheeting Die

10.2.2 Coat-Hanger Die

10.2.3 Extrusion Die with Variable Die Land Thicknesses

10.2.4 Fiber Spinning

10.2.5 Wire Coating Die

10.3 Processes That Involve Membrane Stretching

10.3.1 Film Blowing

10.3.2 Thermoforming.

10.4 Calendering - Isothermal Flow Problems

10.4.1 Newtonian Model of Calendering

10.4.2 Shear Thinning Model of Calendering

10.4.3 Calender Fed with a Finite Sheet Thickness

10.5 Injection Molding - Isothermal Flow Problems

10.5.1 Balancing the Runner System in Multi-Cavity Injection Molds

10.5.2 Radial Flow between Two Parallel Discs

10.6 Non-Isothermal Flows

10.6.1 Non-Isothermal Shear Flow

10.6.2 Non-Isothermal Pressure Flow through a Slit

10.7 Melting

10.7.1 Melting and Solidification Time

10.7.2 Melting with Drag Flow Melt Removal

10.7.3 Melting Zone in a Plasticating Single Screw Extruder

10.7.4 Melting Inside a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Nozzle

10.8 Curing Reactions during Processing

10.9 Estimating Injection Pressure and Clamping Force

Index.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-5231-5535-3

1-56990-648-3