Iran : U.S. relations, foreign policies and sanctions / Ditte H. Søndergaard.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Søndergaard, Ditte H., author.

Series:

Politics and Economics of the Middle East

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Diplomatic relations.

Politics and government.

Iran--Foreign relations.

Iran.

Iran--Politics and government--1997-.

Genre:

History.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (376 pages)

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., [2021]

Summary:

Since May 2019, U.S.-Iran tensions have heightened significantly, and evolved into conflict after U.S. military forces killed Qasem Soleimani, the commander of the Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) and one of Iran's most important military commanders, in a U.S. airstrike in Baghdad on January 3, 2020. The United States and Iran have appeared to be on the brink of additional hostilities since, as attacks by Iran-backed groups on bases in Iraq inhabited by U.S. forces have continued. This book details U.S. policy options on Iran, Iran's regional and defense policy, and Iran sanctions.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1

U.S.-Iran Tensions: Implications for Homeland Security(

Statement of Chairman Bennie G. Thompson, January 15, 2020

Statement of Ranking Member Mike Rogers, January 15, 2020

Statement of Barbara A. Leaf, Director, Geduld Program on Arab Politics, Washington Institute

Prepared Statement of Barbara A. Leaf, January 15, 2020

Iraq

The PMF Problem

The Iraq of 2020 Aptly Reflects Soleimani's Efforts

The Gulf

Conclusion

What Should the United States Do?

Statement of Vincent Stewart, Special Advisor and Chairman, Board of Advisors, Middle East Media Research Institute

Prepared Statement of Vincent Stewart

Iran's Cyber Threat Capabilities

Official U.S. Statements

Round-Up of Recent Cyber Incidents with Iranian Involvement

Statements by Iranian Officials on Cyber Issues

May 28, 2019

December 13, 2019

December 9, 2019

December 8, 2019

December 2, 2019

November 26, 2019

November 24, 2019

November 12, 2019

November 5, 2019

October 30, 2019

October 29, 2019

September 17, 2019

September 11, 2017

October 17, 2017

July 29, 2019

July 23, 2019

July 15, 2019

July 7, 2019

June 27, 2019

June 17, 2019

Conclusions/Assessments

Implications

Statement of Thomas S. Warrick, Nonrs. Esident Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council

Prepared Statement of Thomas S. Warrick, January 15, 2020

Four Ways Iran Threatens the United States

Three Preliminary Points About Cyber Attacks

Iran's Peculiar Sense of Symmetry

What U.S. Policy Makers Should Do

Statement of Anthony J. Tata, CEO and President, Tata Leadership Group

Prepared Statement of Anthony J. Tata, January 15, 2020

Soleimani's Legacy of Terror

Impact on U.S. Service Members, Contractors, and Their Families.

Iran and Soleimani Responsible

Authorization of Use of Military Force

Imminent Threat

Regional Strategy

Eliminating Soleimani Makes the United States Safer

Letter from the Jewish Federations of North America, January 15, 2020

Chapter 2

U.S.-Iran Conflict and Implications for U.S. Policy(

Summary

Context for Heightened U.S.-Iran Tensions

Iran's Attacks on Tankers in Mid-2019

Actions by Iran's Regional Allies

Tensions Turn to Hostilities

Iran and U.S. Downing of Drones

UK-Iran Tensions and Iran Tanker Seizures

Attack on Saudi Energy Infrastructure in September 2019

U.S. Sanctions Responses to Iranian Provocations

JCPOA-Related Iranian Responses

Conflict Erupts (December 2019-January 2020)

U.S. Escalation and Aftermath: Drone Strike Kills Qasem Soleimani

Iranian Responses and Subsequent Hostilities

Tensions Resurface in Spring 2020: Iraq and the Gulf

Efforts to De-Escalate Tensions

Iran-Focused Additional U.S. Military Deployments

Gulf Maritime Security Operation

U.S. Military Action: Options and Considerations

Resource Implications of Military Operations

Congressional Responses

Possible Issues for Congress

Chapter 3

The 2019-2020 Iran Crisis and U.S. Military Deployments(

Force Employment Goals?

Recent Deployments

Questions for Congress

What Might Be the Impact on Readiness and Availability of U.S. Forces for Other Missions?

What Might Be the Impact on Regional and Global Basing and Posture?

Is DOD Adequately Prepared for Hybrid and Irregular Warfare?

Do Recent Deployments Align with National Strategy?

Chapter 4

Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options (Updated)(

Political History

Regime Structure, Stability, and Opposition.

Unelected or Indirectly Elected Institutions: The Supreme Leader, Council of Guardians, and Expediency Council

The Supreme Leader

Succession to Khamene'i

Council of Guardians and Expediency Council

Council of Guardians

Expediency Council

Domestic Security Organs

Elected Institutions/Recent Elections

The Presidency

The Majles

The Assembly of Experts

Recent and Upcoming Elections

Disputed 2009 Election

Rouhani's Election Wins and Presidency

Majles and Assembly of Experts Elections in 2016

Presidential Election of May 19, 2017

Majles Elections on February 21, 2020

Presidential Election of June 2021

Periodic Unrest Challenges the Regime

Human Rights Practices

U.S.-Iran Relations, U.S. Policy, and Options

Reagan Administration: Iran Placed on "Terrorism List"

George H. W. Bush Administration: "Goodwill Begets Goodwill"

Clinton Administration: "Dual Containment"

George W. Bush Administration: Iran Part of "Axis of Evil"

Obama Administration: Pressure, Engagement, and the JCPOA

Trump Administration: JCPOA Exit and "Maximum Pressure"

Withdrawal from the JCPOA and Subsequent Pressure Efforts

Policy Elements and Options

Engagement and Improved Bilateral Relations

Military Action

Economic Sanctions

Regime Change

Democracy Promotion and Internet Freedom Efforts

Broadcasting/Public Diplomacy Issues

VOA Persian Service/VOA365

State Department Public Diplomacy Efforts

Chapter 5

Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies (Updated)(

Introduction

Drivers of Iran's Policy

Threat Perception

Ideology

National Interests

Factional Interests, Competition, and Public Opinion

Instruments of Iran's National Security Strategy

Support to Allied Regimes and Groups and Use of Terrorism

Direct Military Action/Cyberattacks.

Other Political Action/Soft Power

Diplomacy

Iran's Nuclear and Defense Programs

Nuclear Program

Interim and Comprehensive Nuclear Deals

Missile Programs and Chemical and Biological Weapons Capability

Missiles

U.S. and U.N. Responses to Iran's Missile Programs

Chemical and Biological Weapons

Conventional and "Asymmetric Warfare" Capability

Air Force Organization

Naval Forces Organization

Asymmetric Warfare Capacity

Military-to-Military Relationships

Iranian Arms Transfers and U.N. Restrictions

Defense Budget

Countering Iran

Threatening Military Action

Near East Region

The Persian Gulf

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Qatar

Bahrain

Kuwait

Oman

Iranian Threats to Gulf Security

U.S.-GCC Defense Cooperation Agreements

Middle East Strategic Alliance (MESA)

Bilateral U.S.-Gulf Defense Agreements and U.S. Forces in the Gulf

Arms Sales

Iranian Policy on Iraq, Syria, and the Islamic State

Iranian Advice and Funding to Iraqi Militias

U.S. Policy to Curb Iranian Influence in Iraq

Syria

Iranian Military and Financial Support to Asad

U.S. Policy to Limit Iranian Influence in Syria

Hamas, Hezbollah, and Other Anti-Israel Groups

Hamas

Iranian Financial Support to Hamas

Hezbollah

Iranian Financial and Military Support

U.S. Policy to Reduce Iran's Support for Hezbollah

Yemen

Financial and Advisory Support

U.S. Policy to Counter Iranian Influence in Yemen

Turkey

South and Central Asia

The South Caucasus

Central Asia

Kazakhstan

South Asia

Afghanistan

Pakistan

India

Russia

Europe

East Asia

China

Japan and South Korea

North Korea

Latin America

Venezuela

Argentina

Africa

Sudan

Outlook

Chapter 6

Iran Sanctions (Updated)(

Overview.

Blocked Iranian Property and Assets

Post-JCPOA Status: Iranian Assets Still Frozen, but Some Issues Resolved

U.S.-Iran Claims Tribunal

Other Iranian Assets Frozen

Use of Iranian Assets to Compensate U.S. Victims of Iranian Terrorism

Executive Order 13599 Impounding Iran-Owned Assets

Implementation of the JCPOA

Civilian Nuclear Entity Exception

Sanctions for Iran's Support for Armed Factions

Sanctions Triggered by Terrorism List Designation

Exception for U.S. Humanitarian Aid

Sanctions on States "Not Cooperating" Against Terrorism

Executive Order 13224 Sanctioning Terrorism-Supporting Entities

Implementation of E.O. 13224

CAATSA Application to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)

Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) Designations

Implementation

Other Sanctions on Iran's Support for Regional Armed Factions

Executive Order 13438 on Threats to Iraq's Stability

Executive Order 13572 on Repression of the Syrian People

Hezbollah-Specific Financial Sanctions

Ban on U.S. Trade and Investment with Iran

JCPOA-Related Easing and Subsequent Reversal

What U.S.-Iran Trade Is Allowed or Prohibited?

Application to Foreign Subsidiaries of U.S. Firms

Sanctions on Iran's Energy Sector

The Iran Sanctions Act

Key Sanctions "Triggers" under ISA

Trigger 1 (Original Trigger): "Investment" to Develop Iran's Oil and Gas Fields

Trigger 2: Sales of WMD and Related Technologies, Advanced Conventional Weaponry, and Participation in Uranium Mining Ventures

Trigger 3: Sales of Gasoline to Iran

Trigger 4: Provision of Equipment for Oil, Gas, and Petrochemicals Production

Trigger 5: Transporting Iranian Crude Oil

Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act (ITRSHRA): ISA sanctions on shipping insurance, Iranian bonds, and dealings with the IRGC

Implementation.

Executive Order 13622/13846: Sanctions on the Purchase of Iranian Crude Oil and Petrochemical Products, and Dealings in Iranian Bank Notes.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-68507-060-4

OCLC:

1266906548