Basic radar analysis / Budge, Mervin C.; German, Shawn R.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Budge, Mervin C., Jr., author.

German, Shawn R., author.

Series:

Artech House radar library.

Artech House radar series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Radar.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xix, 812 pages).

Edition:

Second edition.

Distribution:

[Piscataqay, New Jersey] : IEEE Xplore, [2020]

Place of Publication:

Norwood, Massachusetts : Artech House, [2020]

Summary:

This highly-anticipated second edition of an Artech House classic covers several key radar analysis areas: the radar range equation, detection theory, ambiguity functions, waveforms, antennas, active arrays, receivers and signal processors, CFAR and chaff analysis. Readers will be able to predict the detection performance of a radar system using the radar range equation, its various parameters, matched filter theory, and Swerling target models. The performance of various signal processors, single pulse, pulsed Doppler, LFM, NLFM, and BPSK, are discussed, taking into account factors including MTI processing, integration gain, weighting loss and straddling loss.The details of radar analysis are covered from a mathematical perspective, with in-depth breakdowns of radar performance in the presence of clutter. Readers will be able to determine the nose temperature of a multi-channel receiver as it is used in active arrays. With the addition of three new chapters on moving target detectors, inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) and constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and new MATLAB codes, this expanded second edition will appeal to the novice as well as the experienced practitioner.

Contents:

Intro

Basic Radar Analysis, Second Edition

Contents

Chapter 1 Radar Basics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Radar Types

1.3 Range Measurement

1.4 Ambiguous Range

1.5 Processing window and Instrumented Range

1.6 Range-Rate Measurement: Doppler

1.7 Decibels

1.8 dB Arithmetic

1.9 Complex Signal Notation

1.10 Radar Block Diagram

1.11 Exercises

References

Chapter 2 Radar Range Equation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Basic Radar Range Equation

2.2.1 Derivation of ES

2.2.1.1 The Transmitter

2.2.1.2 The Antenna

2.2.1.3 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

2.2.1.4 Antenna Directivity

2.2.1.5 The Target and Radar Cross Section

2.2.1.6 Antenna Again

2.2.1.7 Antenna Directivity Again

2.2.1.8 Losses

2.2.2 Derivation of EN

2.3 A Power Approach to SNR

2.4 Radar Range Equation Example

2.5 Detection Range

2.6 Search Radar Range Equation

2.7 Search Radar Range Equation Example

2.8 Radar Range Equation Summary

2.9 Exercises

Appendix 2A: Derivation of Search Solid Angle Equation

Chapter 3 Radar Cross Section

3.1 Introduction

3.2 RCS of Simple Shapes

3.3 Swerling RCS Models

3.3.1 Swerling Statistics

3.3.2 Swerling Fluctuation Models

3.3.3 Math Behind the Fluctuation Model

3.4 Relation of Swerling Models to Actual Targets

3.5 Simulating Swerling Targets

3.6 Frequency Agility and SW2 or SW4 Targets

3.7 Exercises

Chapter 4 Noise

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Noise in Resistive Networks

4.2.1 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit of a Noisy Resistor

4.2.2 Multiple Noisy Resistors

4.3 Equivalent/Effective Noise Temperature for Active Devices

4.4 Noise Figure

4.4.1 Derivation of Noise Figure

4.4.2 Attenuators

4.5 Noise Figure of Cascaded Devices

4.6 An Interesting Example.

4.7 Output Noise Energy When the Source Temperature Is Not T0

4.8 A Note About Cascaded Devices and the Radar Range Equation

4.9 Cascaded Attenuators

4.10 Exercises

Chapter 5 Radar Losses

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Transmit Losses

5.3 Antenna Losses

5.4 Propagation Losses

5.5 Receive Antenna and RF Losses

5.6 Processor and Detection Losses

5.7 Exercises

Appendix 5A: Waveguide Attenuation

5A.1 Exercises

Appendix 5B: Atmospheric and Rain Attenuation

5B.1 Function tropatten.m

5B.1.1 Compute International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standard Atmosphere 1964

5B.1.2 Absorption Coefficient for Oxygen

5B.1.3 Absorption Coefficient for Water Vapor

5B.2 Function troprefract.m

5B.3 Function troploss.m

5B.4 Function rainAttn2way.m

Chapter 6 Detection Theory

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Noise in Receivers

6.2.1 IF Configuration

6.2.2 Baseband Configuration

6.3 Signal in Receivers

6.3.1 Introduction and Background

6.3.2 Signal Model for SW0/SW5 Targets

6.3.3 Signal Model for SW1/SW2 Targets

6.3.4 Signal Model for SW3/SW4 Targets

6.4 Signal-Plus-Noise in Receivers

6.4.1 General Formulation

6.4.2 Signal-Plus-Noise Model for SW1/SW2 Targets

6.4.3 Signal-Plus-Noise Model for SW0/SW5 Targets

6.4.4 Signal-Plus-Noise Model for SW3/SW4 Targets

6.5 Detection Probability

6.5.1 Introduction

6.5.2 Amplitude Detector Types

6.5.3 Detection Logic

6.5.4 Calculation of Pd and Pfa

6.5.4.1 False Alarm Probability

6.5.4.2 Detection Probability

SW0/SW5 Target

SW1/SW2 Target

SW3/SW4 Target

6.5.5 Behavior versus Target Type

6.6 Determination of False Alarm Probability

6.6.1 Pfa Computation Example

6.6.2 Detection Contour Example

6.7 Summary

6.8 Exercises

Chapter 7 CFAR Processing.

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Cell-Averaging CFAR

7.2.1 Estimation of Interference Power

7.2.2 CA-CFAR Analysis

7.2.3 CA-CFAR Example

7.2.4 CA-CFAR FIR Implementation

7.2.5 CFAR Processing at the Edges of Instrumentation

7.3 CA-CFAR with Greatest-of Selection

7.3.1 GO-CFAR Example

7.4 CA-CFAR with Smallest of Selection

7.4.1 SO-CFAR Example

7.5 Ordered Statistic CFAR

7.5.1 OS-CFAR Example

7.6 Minimum Selected CA-CFAR

7.6.1 MSCA-CFAR Algorithm

7.6.2 MSCA-CFAR Analysis

7.6.3 MSCA-CFAR Example

7.7 Summary

7.7.1 CFAR Problems and Remedies

7.7.2 CFAR Scale Factors

7.8 Exercises

Appendix 7A: Maximum Likelihood Estimation

Appendix 7B: Toeplitz Matrix and CFAR

Chapter 8 Matched Filter

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Problem Definition

8.3 Problem Solution

8.4 Matched Filter Examples

8.4.1 General Formulation

8.4.2 Response for an Unmodulated Pulse

8.4.3 Response for an LFM Pulse

8.5 Summary

8.6 Closing Comments

8.7 Exercises

Chapter 9 Detection Probability Improvement Techniques

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Coherent Integration

9.2.1 SNR Analysis

9.2.2 Detection Analysis

9.3 Noncoherent Integration

9.3.1 Coherent and Noncoherent Integration Comparison

9.3.2 Detection Example with Coherent and Noncoherent Integration

9.4 Cumulative Detection Probability

9.4.1 Cumulative Detection Probability Example

9.5 m-of-n Detection

9.5.1 m-of-n Detection Example for SW0/SW5, SW2 and SW4 Targets

9.5.2 m-of-n and Noncoherent Comparison for SW1 and SW2 Targets

9.6 Exercises

Appendix 9A: Noise Autocorrelation at the Output of a Matched Filter

Appendix 9B: Probability of Detecting SW1 and SW3 Targets on m Closely Spaced Pulses

9B.1 Marcum Q Function

Appendix 9C: Cumulative Detection Probability.

Chapter 10 Ambiguity Function

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Ambiguity Function Development

10.3 Example 1: Unmodulated Pulse

10.4 Example 2: LFM Pulse

10.5 Numerical Techniques

10.6 Ambiguity Function Generation Using the FFT

10.7 Exercises

Chapter 11 Waveform Coding

11.1 Introduction

11.2 FM Waveforms

11.2.1 LFM with Amplitude Weighting

11.2.2 Nonlinear FM

11.2.2.1 Fowle Example with Uniform Um(f )

11.2.2.2 Fowle Example with Cosine on a Pedestal Um(f )

11.2.2.3 NLFM Design Procedures

11.3 Phase-coded Pulses

11.3.1 Frank Polyphase Coding

11.3.2 Barker-coded Waveforms

11.3.3 PRN-coded Pulses

11.3.3.1 Mismatched PRN Processing

11.4 Step Frequency Waveforms

11.4.1 Doppler Effects

11.5 Costas Waveforms

11.5.1 Costas Waveform Example

11.6 Closing Comments

11.7 Exercises

Appendix 11A: LFM and the sinc2(x) Function

Chapter 12 Stretch Processing

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Stretch Processor Configuration

12.3 Stretch Processor Operation

12.4 Stretch Processor SNR

12.4.1 Matched Filter

12.4.2 Stretch Processor

12.5 Practical Implementation Issues

12.5.1 Stretch Processor Example

12.6 Range-rate Effects

12.6.1 Expanded Transmit and Receive Signal Models

12.6.2 Stretch Processor Modification

12.6.3 Slope Mismatch Effects

12.6.3.1 Slope Mismatch Case 1: (hṘ = ( - no compensation

Slope Mismatch Example 1

Slope Mismatch Example 2

12.6.3.2 Slope Mismatch Case 2: (hṘ = (r - Perfect Compensation

12.6.3.3 Slope Mismatch Case 3: (hṘ = ( (1(2Ṙh/c)2 - Partial Compensation

12.6.4 Range-rate Effects on Range Bias

12.6.4.1 Case 1 - (hṘ = (

12.6.4.2 Case 2: Imperfect Estimate of Ṙ

12.6.5 Doppler Frequency Measurement Effects

12.6.6 A Matched Filter Perspective

12.7 Exercises

References.

Chapter 13 Phased Array Antenna Basics

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Two-Element Array Antenna

13.2.1 Transmit Perspective

13.2.2 Receive Perspective

13.3 N-Element Linear Array

13.4 Directive Gain Pattern (Antenna Pattern)

13.5 Beamwidth, Sidelobes, and Amplitude Weighting

13.6 Steering

13.6.1 Time-delay Steering

13.6.2 Phase Steering

13.6.3 Phase Shifters

13.7 Element Pattern

13.8 Array Factor Relation to the Discrete-time Fourier Transform

13.9 Planar Arrays

13.9.1 Weights for Beam Steering

13.9.2 Array Shapes and Element Locations (Element Packing)

13.9.3 Feeds

13.9.4 Amplitude Weighting

13.9.5 Computing Antenna Patterns for Planar Arrays

13.9.5.1 Planar Arrays with Rectangular Packing

13.9.5.2 Planar Arrays with Triangular Packing

13.9.6 Directive Gain Pattern

13.9.7 Grating Lobes

13.9.7.1 Grating Lobes in Arrays with Rectangular Packing

13.9.7.2 Grating Lobes in Arrays with Triangular Packing

13.10 Polarization

13.11 Reflector Antennas

13.12 Other Antenna Parameters

13.13 Exercises

Appendix 13A: An Equation for Taylor Weights

Appendix 13B: Computation of Antenna Patterns

13B.1 Linear Arrays

13B.2 Planar Arrays

13B.2.1 Rectangular Packing

13B.2.2 Triangular Packing

Chapter 14 AESA Basics and Related Topics

14.1 Introduction

14.2 T/R Module

14.3 Time-delay Steering and Wideband Waveforms

14.3.1 Subarray Size, Scan Angle, and Waveform Bandwidth

14.3.2 Subarray Pattern Distortion Examples

14.3.3 Array Beam Forming with TDUs

14.4 Simultaneous Multiple Beams

14.4.1 Overlapped Subarrays

14.4.2 Nonuniform Subarray Sizes

14.4.3 Transmit Array Considerations

14.5 AESA Noise Figure

14.5.1 T/R Module Noise Figure

14.5.2 Subarray Gain and Noise Figure

14.5.3 Array Gain and Noise Figure.

14.5.4 AESA Noise Figure Example.

Notes:

Includes index.

Includes bibliographical references and index

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781630815578

1630815578