Depression in children / Bernice T. Naylor, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Naylor, Bernice T.

Series:

Depression- causes, diagnosis, and treatment series.

Depression- causes, diagnosis and treatment series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Depression in children.

Depression in adolescence.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (332 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2009.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Depressive disorders, which include major depressive disorder (unipolar depression), dysthymic disorder (chronic, mild depression), and bipolar disorder (manic-depression), can have far reaching effects on the functioning and adjustment of young people. Among both children and adolescents, depressive disorders confer an increased risk for illness and interpersonal and psychosocial difficulties that persist long after the depressive episode is resolved; in adolescents there is also an increased risk for substance abuse and suicidal behaviour. Unfortunately, these disorders often go unrecognised by families and physicians alike. Signs of depressive disorders in young people often are viewed as normal mood swings typical of a particular developmental stage. In addition, health care professionals may be reluctant to prematurely "label" a young person with a mental illness diagnosis. Yet early diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders are critical to healthy emotional, social, and behavioural development. This book presents the latest research in the field across a wide spectrum of countries.

Contents:

Intro

DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 DYSLEXIA, CHILDREN AND DEPRESSION: RESEARCH EVIDENCE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGY

Aim of the Study

Sample

Apparatus

The interview process, Confidentiality, Informed consent and Personal disclosure

Analysis

RESULTS

What is Dyslexia?

What does it Mean to You

Society's Reaction

The Label

Difference

Feeling Different

Being Unique

It Defines Me

Like an Alien in a Different Planet

Sibling Comparison

Thinking you were Adopted

Being Labelled Early

Humiliation, Schools and Teachers

Humiliation

How Schools and Teachers React

Denying there was a Problem

Not Fair

The Wrong Support

School Reports

Good Teachers

Resenting Teachers

Supportive Dyslexic Parents

Parents Helping with Homework

Frustration and Anger

Frustration

Dealing with Intense Frustration

It Feels so Unfair

Anger

Why Should I Bother?

Labelled as Lazy

Why Me

Avoiding and Being the Class Clown

Avoiding

Being the Teachers Helper

Clever Coping Strategies

Getting others to do the Work

Class-Clown

Putting Off Homework

Physical Symptoms

Rebelling in the Classroom

Truanting and Running Away from Home

Not Truanting but Running Away from Home

Running Away

Getting Pregnant

Faking being Ill

Perfection

Bullying

Bullying by Teachers

Bullied by Peers

Going into a Bubble and Regression

Bubble

Sucking your Thumb

Wetting Your Bed

Why some Dyslexics get Depressed

Depression and Dyslexia

Why Dyslexics get Depressed

Internalising

Rejected by Society (Positive or Negative)

Self-Harm and Suicide

Anorexia

Cutting

Alcohol and Binge-Eating

Planning Suicide

Over-Dosing

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Feeling Inferior

Crying

DISCUSSION

Avoiding and being the Class Clown

Truanting and Running away from Home

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

CONCLUSIONS

What is needed?

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1. IDENTIFYING DYSLEXIA IN CHILDREN (BDA, 2008)

Persisting Factors

Pre-School

Pre-School Non-Language Indicators

Primary School Age

Primary School Age Non-Language Indicators:

Aged 12 or Over

Aged 12 or Over Non-Language Indicators

Chapter 2 DYSLEXIC CHILDREN AND DEPRESSION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

DEFINITIONS

Defining a Child

Defining Depression

What are the Symptoms of Depression?

What Causes Depression?

How do Children and Adolescents Experience Depression?

Differential Diagnosis

Persistence

Defining Dyslexia

Identifying Dyslexia in Children (British Dyslexia Association, 2008)

Pre-School Non-Language Indicator

Primary School Age Non-Language Indicators

THE EFFECTS OF SCHOOL

Normality and School

The Dyslexic Child at School

Stress

Anxiety

Self-Esteem

Peer Group

Dyslexics Coping with School

Task-Based Coping

Emotional-Based Coping

Avoidance-Based Coping

DEPRESSION AND THE DYSLEXIC CHILD

Drug Abuse

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Daily Hassles

Self-Blame

Perfectionism

Bed-Wetting

Stammering

DYSLEXIC COPING MECHANANISMS

Defence Mechanisms.

How Does Parenting Style and other Factors Make Individuals Choose Between Emotional and Behavioural Defensive Strategies?

What Factors are Needed for Individuals to Move from Mature, to Immature and Extreme Emotional and Behavioural Responses in Dealing with Situations?

Are Emotional and Behavioural Defensive Strategies Exclusive or can Combined Responses be Found?

Could the Decision to Choose Emotional or Behavioural Defence Mechanisms Happen at Childhood?

How Dyslexic Defence Mechanisms (Ddms) Compare to those of other Researchers?

Chapter 3 DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF DEPRESISON IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

A DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

NOSOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION

COMORBIDITY

NATURAL COURSE OF DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Episode Duration

Recurrence

Other Psychiatric Outcomes

CONSEQUENCES OF DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

ETIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION

Family-Genetic Factors

Neurobiology

Sleep Architecture and Electrophysiological Studies

Neuroendocrine Studies

Neuroimaging Studies

Summary of Neurobiological Research

Temperament and Personality

Cognitive Vulnerability

Cognitive Schemas and Information-Processing

Attributional Style and Control-Related Beliefs

Developmental and Gender Influences on Cognitive Vulnerability

A Diathesis-Stress Model of Cognitive Vulnerability

Environmental Factors

Interpersonal Relationships

Life Stress

Coping with Stress

AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION

ASSESSMENT OF DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Pharmacological Interventions

Psychosocial Interventions

Combined Pharmacological and Psychosocial Intervention

SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 4 CHILDREN, DEPRESSION AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS (EFA)

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND EFAS

Animal Studies

Brain Composition of DHA and Risk Factors

DEPRESSION, AGGRESSION AND EFAS

Clinical Trials with EFAs in Adults

Suicide Risk and Trends

Mild Depression in Young People

COMORBID DISORDERS/ ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

Design and Methodology Issues

BLOOD ANALYSES OF EFAS IN DEPRESSION AND COMORBID DISORDERS/ADHD

CONCLUSION

Chapter 5 DEPRESSION COMORBIDITY AMONG CHILDREN: POTENTIAL EXPLANATIONS, SHARED RISK FACTORS, AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS FOR CO-OCCURRING DEPRESSION AND CONDUCT PROBLEMS

Explanation 1: Depression Symptoms Confer Risk for Conduct Problems

Explanation 2: Conduct Problems Confer Risk for Depressive Symptoms

Explanation 3: Shared Risk Factors Account for Co-Occurring Conduct Problems and Depression

AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL FOR SHARED PROCESSES

Autonomic Processes

Prefrontal Cortical and Limbic System Processes

Parent-Child Interactional Processes

Implications of Applying this Framework

GAPS IN THE LITERATURE AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Concurrent Consideration of Multiple Explanations

Sex Differences

Child × Context Interactions

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Chapter 6 CONTROVERSIES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOGENESIS

DIAGNOSIS.

PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

EFFICACY OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT

EFFICACY OF PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT

SAFETY OF PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT

TREATMENT ALGORITHM APPROACH FOR MDD IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Stage 0

Diagnostic Assessment

Assessment of Suicidal Tendencies

Non-Medication Treatment Against Medication Treatment

Stage 1

Use of SSRIs as Monotherapy

Stage 2

Switch to Another SSRI as Monotherapy

Add Another Drug to the SSRI Treatment

Stage 3

Switch to Another Antidepressant as Monotherapy

Stage 4

General Recommendations

MDD Treatment in Children and Adolescents

Acute Phase Treatment

Continuation Phase Treatment

Maintenance Phase Treatment

PREVENTION

FUTURE RESEARCH

Chapter 7 THE RELATIVE LACK OF ATTENTION TO DEPRESSION IN YOUNG CHILDREN: A 'SAD' STATE OF AFFAIRS

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CHILDHOOD DEPRESSION

CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR CHILDHOOD DEPRESSION

DSM

DSM-PC

DC: 0-3

Other Modified Criteria

SUMMARY OF DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN MAKING A DEPRESSIVE DISORDER DIAGNOSIS DURING CHILDHOOD

Depression in Infancy

Depression in Childhood and Adolescence

Depression in Preschool Children

Summary of Other Considerations

ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD DEPRESSION

Assessment

Rating Scales

Clinical Interviews

Other Measures

Assessment Summary

Treatment

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Family-Focused Treatments

Psychotropic Medications

Treatment Summary

Chapter 8 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIMENSIONS OF PARENTING AND COGNITIVE AND INTERPERSONAL VULNERABILITY FACTORS TO DEPRESSION IN YOUTH

METHODS

Participants

Procedure

Measures

RESULTS.

Descriptive Data.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61728-363-0