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Chemical sensors [electronic resource] : comprehensive sensors technologies. Volume 5, Electrochemical and optical sensors / edited by Ghenadii Korotcenkov.
- Format:
- Book
- Series:
- Sensor technology series.
- Sensor technology series
- Language:
- English
- Subjects (All):
- Chemical detectors.
- Electrochemical sensors.
- Optical detectors.
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource (546 p.)
- Edition:
- 1st ed.
- Other Title:
- Comprehensive sensors technologies.
- Electrochemical and optical sensors.
- Place of Publication:
- [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : Momentum Press, 2011.
- Language Note:
- English
- System Details:
- Mode of access: World Wide Web.
- System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader.
- Summary:
- The present volume considers two major groups of chemical sensors: (1) electrochemical sensors and (2) optical and fiber optic chemical sensors. In particular, this book presents reviews that provide an in-depth analysis of both the fundamentals of electrochemical and optical sensors and the possibilities for full-scale applications of these devices.
- Contents:
- Preface to chemical sensors: comprehensive sensors technologies
- Preface to volume 5: Electrochemical and optical sensors
- About the editor
- Contributors
- 1. Electrochemical gas sensors: fundamentals, fabrication, and parameters / J. R. Stetter ... [et al.]
- Introduction
- Fundamentals of electrochemistry for gas sensors
- Potential and potentiometry
- Current, charge, and amperometry
- Conductivity/resistance and conductometry
- Types of gaseous interactions in sensing
- Gas/electrolyte interactions
- Gas/electrode interactions
- Fundamentals of electrochemical gas sensors
- Amperometric gas sensors
- Potentiometric gas sensors
- Conductometric gas sensors
- Analytes
- Electrochemical gas sensor designs and materials
- Electrolytes
- Membranes
- Electrodes
- Analytical characteristics of electrochemical sensors
- Sensitivity (lower detection limit)
- Selectivity
- Precision and accuracy
- Stability
- Examples of electrochemical gas sensors
- Electrochemical H2 sensors with liquid electrolytes
- Characteristics of electrochemical H2 sensors fabricated using polymer electrolytes
- High-temperature H2 sensors
- MEMS and nanotechnology in electrochemical gas sensor fabrication
- Electrochemical sensor applications
- Parameters in gas sensor application
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Pressure
- Calibration
- Sensor failure mechanisms
- Sensor life
- Market for electrochemical gas sensors
- Outlook and future trends
- References
- 2. Stabilized zirconia-based gas sensors / S. Zhuiykov
- Fundamentals of sensor operation
- Nernstian behavior
- Non-Nernstian behavior
- Potentiometric non-Nernstian gas sensors
- Mixed-potential gas sensors
- Differential electrode equilibria gas sensors
- Impedance-based gas sensors
- Use of nanostructured oxides for sensing electrodes
- Zirconia sensors operating in real industrial applications
- Inaccuracy of the oxygen probe resulting from catalyzed SE/gas reactions
- Sensor errors caused by improper operating conditions and probe deterioration
- Markets for zirconia-based sensors
- Summary and outlook
- Acknowledgments
- 3. Electrochemical sensors for liquid environments / V.K. Gupta, L.P. Singh
- Sensors for liquid environments
- Potentiometric sensors
- Conductometric sensors
- Voltammetric and amperometric sensors
- FET-based sensors
- Chronological progress in design of sensors for liquid environments
- Design of ion-selective electrodes
- The role of the membrane in sensors for liquid environments
- Classification of ion-selective electrodes
- Liquid membrane electrodes
- Solid-state electrodes
- Polymeric membranes
- The ionophore
- The polymeric matrix
- The plasticizer
- The lipophilic additive
- Theory and methodology
- Potential of an ion-exchange membrane
- Selectivity of electrodes
- Experimental aspects
- Pre-starting procedure
- Methodology of measurements
- Maintenance and storage of ion-selective electrodes
- Sources of error
- Precautions
- Literature on ion-selective electrodes
- Glass electrodes
- Homogeneous solid-state electrodes
- Heterogeneous solid-state electrodes
- Electrodes for alkali metal ions
- Electrodes for alkaline earth metals
- Electrodes for heavy metals
- Conclusion
- Nomenclature
- 4. Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET)-based chemical sensors / V.K. Khanna
- Different structural versions of the ISFET concept, and a historical survey
- Front-side and back-side connected ISFETs
- The extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET)
- Use of macroporous silicon for field-effect pH sensor fabrication
- Layer-by-layer nano self-assembly ISFET
- Light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS)
- Region ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (RISFET)
- Organic-based field-effect transistors and new materials for ISFETs
- Fundamentals of MOSFET operation
- MOS capacitor with zero gate voltage
- MOS capacitor with applied gate voltage
- Capacitance of the MOS capacitor
- Channel conductance
- Flat-band and threshold voltages
- Depletion- and enhancement-mode MOSFETs
- Static characteristics of the MOS transistor
- Theory of pH sensitivity of the ISFET
- Site binding model
- Gouy-Chapman-Stern model
- pH sensitivity of the ISFET
- Mathematical formulation in terms of the pH at the point of zero charge for the relation between [psi]0 and pH
- ISFET circuit models
- ISFET/EGFET gate dielectric materials
- Silicon dioxide
- Silicon nitride and silicon oxynitrides
- Aluminum oxide
- Tantalum pentoxide
- Tertiary amines
- Other dielectrics
- Dielectrics for the EGFET
- ISFET design considerations
- Design parameters and design procedure
- ISFET design specifications
- Fabrication of the ISFET
- Chip fabrication
- ISFET encapsulation materials
- O-ring packaging: the state of the art
- ISFET biasing/readout circuit and instrumentation
- Source follower circuit
- Circuit with buffer amplifier stages
- EGFET readout circuit
- Readout circuits in CMOS technology
- Influence of ion-selective membranes and other coatings on ISFET gate dielectrics
- The need for membranes, and membrane materials
- Membrane potential
- Membrane selectivity
- Membranes of ISFET-based biosensors
- Problems with membranes
- ISFET-based sensors for positive ions
- Ammonium ion, NH4+ sensor
- Cadmium ion, Cd2+ sensor
- Calcium ion, Ca2+ sensor
- Cationic surfactant sensor
- Chromium ion, Cr6+ sensor
- Cupric ion, Cu2+ sensor
- Heavy-metal ion (Cd2+, Pb2+) sensor
- Iron (Fe3+) ion biosensor
- Mercuric ion, Hg2+ biosensor
- Potassium ion, K+ sensor
- Silver ion, Ag+ sensor
- Sodium ion, Na+ sensor
- ISFET-based sensors for negative ions
- Chloride ISFET
- Cyanide ion, CN- sensor
- Fluoride (F-) ISFET
- Nitrate (NO3-) sensor
- Organic anion sensor
- Phosphate (H2PO4-) sensor
- Sulfate (SO42-) sensor
- ISFET-based sensors for biomolecules
- Acetylcholine biosensor
- Adenosine sensor
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensor
- Creatinine biosensor
- DNA sensor
- Dopamine sensor
- Glucose biosensor
- Glutamate biosensor
- Lactate biosensor
- Penicillin biosensor
- Triglyceride biosensor
- Trypsin biosensor
- Urea biosensor
- ISFET-based gas sensors
- Ammonia sensor
- H2 gas sensor
- Sensor for dissolved oxygen
- Transcutaneous CO2 sensor
- Flow-through-type pH/CO2 sensor system based on the ISFET
- Temperature effects on the ISFET
- Light effects on the ISFET
- Reference electrode-related problems
- ISFET-REFET combinations
- Deviations, repeatability, and variability in Ta2O5 Gate ISFET-reference electrode assemblies and calibration of pH-standard buffers
- ISFET storage-time effects
- ISFET storage in air
- Estimation of ISFET deviation rate
- Adverse storage environment effects
- PH changes of buffer solutions in ambient atmosphere
- Measurements by the same or different ISFETs
- Identification of ISFET malfunctions
- ISFET applications and market
- Water analysis and environmental monitoring
- Diagnostic and health-care applications
- Biotechnological process monitoring
- Soil analysis, evaluation, and agriculture
- Conclusions and outlook
- Dedication
- 5. Microfluidic chips as new platforms for electrochemical sensing / M. Hervás, M. Ángel López, A. Escarpa
- General outlines of microfabrication of microfluidic platforms
- Microfabrication of glass microfluidic platforms
- Microfabrication of polymer microfluidic platforms
- Microfluidic platforms for electrochemical sensing: designs and applications
- Voltammetric microfluidic sensors
- Potentiometric microfluidic sensors
- Conductometric microfluidic sensors
- Strengths, weaknesses, and future trends
- 6. Optical and fiber optic chemical sensors / G. Korotcenkov ... [et al.]
- Optical transduction principles
- Absorption
- Fluorescence
- Chemiluminescence
- Scattering
- Reflection and refraction
- Instrumentation
- Molecular recognition element
- Sensor configurations
- Absorption-based sensors
- Infrared and near-infrared absorption
- UV absorption
- Gas analyzers of absorption type
- Global remote control using absorption spectroscopy
- Luminescence (fluorescence)-based sensors
- Chemiluminescence-based sensors
- Surface plasmon resonance sensors
- Raman scattering in optical chemical sensing
- Ellipsometry
- Optical fiber chemical sensors
- Optical fibers
- Classification of fiber optic sensors
- Advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic chemical sensors
- Planar waveguide-based sensor platforms
- Fluorescence-based PWCS
- Absorption-based PWCS
- Refractometric PWCS
- Interferometric PWCS
- Integrated optical sensors
- Design and fabrication of optical sensors
- General comments
- Reasons for uncontrolled intensity modulation in optical sensors
- Sensing materials
- Fiber selection and features of fiber preparation
- Immobilization techniques
- Sensors for flowing systems
- Optical multiple-chemical sensing
- The optoelectronic nose: sensor arrays
- Optical sensors for portable instruments acceptable in field applications
- Examples of optical chemical sensors
- Fields of optical chemical sensor applications
- pH sensors
- Metal-ion sensing
- Anion sensing
- Gas sensors
- Humidity sensors
- Vapor sensors
- Other molecular sensors
- Optical biosensors
- Biomedical sensors
- Conclusions and prospects
- 7. Chemiluminescence chemical sensing: fundamentals of operation and application for water pollutants control / J.-M. Lin, L. Zhao
- Fundamentals of chemiluminescence sensing
- Principle of CL analysis
- Classical chemiluminescence reagents
- Methodology of chemical analysis using chemiluminescence sensing
- Application of chemiluminescence sensors for water pollutants control
- Metals
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Chemical oxygen demand
- Pesticides and herbicides
- Phenols
- Nitrogen compounds
- Estrogens
- Fungoids
- Outlook
- References.
- Notes:
- Description based upon print version of record.
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 20, 2011).
- ISBN:
- 1-283-89587-0
- 1-60650-238-7
- OCLC:
- 819592946
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