Block's disinfection, sterilization, and preservation / [edited by] Gerald McDonnell, Joyce M. Hansen.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

McDonnell, Gerald E.

Hansen, Joyce M.

Standardized Title:

Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Anti-Infective Agents, Local.

Disinfectants.

Sterilization.

Disinfection and disinfectants.

Antiseptics.

Medical Subjects:

Anti-Infective Agents, Local.

Disinfectants.

Sterilization.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (3125 pages)

Edition:

6th ed.

Place of Publication:

Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, 2021.

Summary:

"Infection control and concerns about spread of disease date back to ancient times: early Greek, Roman, and Biblical texts outline strict dietary guidelines, quarantines for people with leprosy, and instructions for returning soldiers to burn equipment and clothes. Aristotle instructed Alexander the Great to require his armies to boil their drinking water. Today, concerns about drug resistance (eg: farmed fish as a source of antibiotic resistance; drug-resistant tuberculosis; drug-resistant bacteria on endoscopes) dominate news headlines and command serious research and industry investment.Seymour S Block's Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation was first published in 1968, and is considered to be the gold standard for those involved with technologies or products dependent on preservatives, sterilization or disinfection. The various sections and detailed chapters of the book include introductions, fundamental principles of activity, chemical types of disinfectants/sterilants, controls of particular types of microorganisms, physical disinfection/sterilization technologies, medical & health related applications, test methodologies, and miscellaneous other topics. The last edition was published in 2000, and since that time much has changed in our understanding of the risks, the technologies available, and the regulatory environments in the practical applications of these technologies. Additionally, focus has somewhat shifted from "how to kill it" to "how to prevent it" A new edition, discussing new understandings of microbes and how to manage them through disinfection and prevention is necessary. Dr. Block has passed away, but he has several colleagues and previous contributors who are desirous of carrying the mantle of this important title. The proposed editors are well respected in the area, with backgrounds in the antimicrobial control of infection risks; one of the editors has a greater background in the medical application of technologies and the other for industrial applications, offering a nice balance"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Intro

Contributors

Preface

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1. Historical Perspective

SERENDIPITOUS DEVELOPMENTS

EMPIRICAL DEVELOPMENTS

SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

2. Definition of Terms

DISINFECTION

STERILE AND STERILIZATION

PRESERVATION

GLOSSARY

PART II: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ACTIVITY

3. Microorganisms and Resistance

GENERAL HIERARCHY OF RESISTANCE

Prions

Viruses

Bacteria

Archaea

Fungi

Protozoa

Helminths

Toxins

CONCLUSIONS

4. Bacterial Resistance to Biocides

EVIDENCE OF BACTERIAL SURVIVAL IN BIOCIDAL PRODUCTS AND BIOCIDES

MECHANISMS OF BACTERIAL RESISTANCE TO ANTIMICROBIAL BIOCIDES

Mechanisms Leading to a Decrease in the Concentration of Biocides in Bacteria

Reducing Biocide Penetration

Efflux Pumps

Enzymatic Degradation

Physiological and Metabolic Changes

Biofilms

Bacterial Endospores

BACTERIAL RESPONSE TO BIOCIDES LEADING TO A CHANGE IN ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY

Stress Response

Mutations

Cross-resistance to Unrelated Antimicrobials

Dissemination of Resistance

5. Principles of Antimicrobial Activity

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

ANTIMICROBIAL REQUIREMENTS

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

MICROBICIDES AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROCESSES

STERILIZATION

Assurance of Microbiological Quality

Mechanisms of Action

Energy Transfer

Oxidizing Agents

Cross-linking or Coagulating Agents

Specific Structure Disruption

6. The Impact of Formulary Components on Antimicrobial Products

SYNERGISM, ANTAGONISM, AND ADDITIVE EFFECTS

HALOGENS

ALCOHOLS

PHENOLICS

QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

ALDEHYDES

PEROXYGEN COMPOUNDS

Stability

Synergists

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

CHLORHEXIDINE

ESSENTIAL OILS.

BIOCIDAL FORMULATION WITH METALS

7. Kinetics of the Inactivation of Microorganisms

MATHEMATICAL MODELING

Moist and Dry Heat

Chemical Inactivation (With Ethylene Oxide Gas)

Ultrahigh Pressure-High Temperature

Radiation

ANALYSIS OF CELL INACTIVATION DATA

MECHANISMS OF INACTIVATION AND RESISTANCE

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Temperature

Moisture

pH

Expected Chemical Demand

Accessibility of a Biocide to Targeted Organisms

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Acronyms and Abbreviations

8. Importance and Processes of Cleaning

CLEANING METHODS, MECHANISMS, AND PROCESSES

Cleaning Methods and Processes

Clean-in-place

Clean-out-of-place

Analytical Methods

Cleaning Mechanisms

Mechanisms Related to Soil and Surface Characteristics

Mechanisms Related to the Cleaning Process

Soil Removal by Fluid Shear

Soil Removal by Diffusion

Equipment and Design Considerations

Cleaning Cycle

Pre-rinse

Alkaline Wash

Intermediate Rinse

Acid Wash

Final Rinse

EFFECT OF CLEANING PARAMETERS ON GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS

Growth Rate of Bacteria in Water

Relevance to Aseptic Operations

IMPLICATIONS FOR STORAGE AND CLEAN HOLD TIME

Clean Hold Time

Implications for Endotoxin in the Final Rinse

IMPLICATIONS FOR CORROSION AND FORMATION OF BIOFILMS

Biofilm Formation

Preventing the Formation of Biofilms

ALERT AND ACTION LIMITS FOR BIOBURDEN AND TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON

Total Organic Carbon

Bioburden

PART III: DISINFECTION BY ANTIMICROBIAL TYPES

9. Ultraviolet Disinfection

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY

Photon Energy

Photochemical Kinetics

SOURCES OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

MICROBIAL INACTIVATION AND REPAIR

Mechanisms of Inactivation

Physiological Responses Other Than Inactivation

Disinfection Kinetics.

Microbial Sensitivity to UV 254nm Radiation

Biological Action Spectra

REPAIR MECHANISMS

Photorepair

Dark Repair

Recombinational Repair

SOS Repair

Ultraviolet-Resistant Microorganisms

PROCESS BEHAVIOR

Fluence Rate Field

Fluid Mechanics

Computational Fluid Dynamics-I Field Simulations

Simulations of Disinfection Performance

REACTOR VALIDATION

SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION

SODIS

Full-Spectrum Solar Disinfection

Indirect Solar Disinfection

EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON WATER CHEMISTRY

Nitrate

Nitrogen-Chlorine Photolysis

Hydrogen Peroxide Photolysis

Hypochlorous Acid Photolysis

10. Nonionizing Radiation: Microwave Radiation, Infrared Radiation, and Pulsed Light

MICROWAVE DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION

Microwave Theory

Microwave Equipment

Microwave Applications

INFRARED DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION

Infrared Theory

Infrared Equipment

Infrared Applications

PULSED LIGHT DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION

Pulsed Light Theory

Pulsed Light Equipment

Pulsed Light Applications

Food Disinfection by Pulsed Light

Water Treatment With Pulsed Light

Packaging Sterilization With Pulsed Light

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

11. Microbial Inactivation Kinetics and Heat Disinfection

THE SEMILOGARITHMIC SURVIVOR CURVE MODEL

NONLINEAR SURVIVOR CURVES

QUANTAL OR FRACTION-NEGATIVE ANALYSIS

STERILITY ASSURANCE LEVEL

THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT MODEL OF MICROBIAL DESTRUCTION

EQUIVALENT LETHALITY

PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION

MOIST HEAT TREATMENT

DRY HEAT TREATMENT

THERMAL DISINFECTION

OTHER HEAT TREATMENT METHODS

FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEAT RESISTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS AND MICROBIOLOGICAL TEST SYSTEMS

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF HEAT RESISTANCE

12. Acids and Alkalis.

CRITICAL LIMITS FOR MICROBIAL GROWTH

TYPES OF ACIDS AND BASES

METHODS OF CONTROLLING pH

IMPORTANCE OF pH IN DISINFECTION METHODS

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

pH Effects on Viruses

pH Effects on Biofilms

MODES OF ACTION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

13. Antimicrobial Dyes

DYE CLASSES AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION

CONVENTIONAL ANTIMICROBIALS

Azoic Dyes

Triarylmethanes

Acridines

Phenazines

Cyanine and Styryl Dyes

Antimicrobial Textile Dyes

DYES ALLOWING PHOTODYNAMIC DISINFECTION

PHOTOANTIMICROBIAL RATIONALE

Clinical Areas

Toxicity

Phenothiaziniums

Cyanines

Xanthene Derivatives

Phthalocyanines

Porphyrins

14. Essential Oils

CHEMISTRY AND COMPOSITION

SPECTRUM AND MODE OF ACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS CONTAINING VOLATILE OILS OR COMPONENTS

OILS MOST FREQUENTLY USED IN DISINFECTION

Citrus Oils

Tea Tree Oil

Eucalyptus Oil

Pine Oil

Other Oils and Components

ANTISEPSIS

Hand Hygiene

General Skin Antisepsis

Oral Cavity

Suspension Tests

Surface Tests

Biofilm on Food Contact Surfaces

Reduction of Microbial Loads in Air

Essential Oil Products as Sanitizers

Sterilant Applications

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Factors Affecting Efficacy

Safety and Toxicity

15. Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds

CHEMISTRY

Elemental Chlorine

Hypochlorite Salts

Chlorine Dioxide

Inorganic Chloramines

Organic Chloramines

PRINCIPLES, MECHANISMS, AND OTHER ASPECTS OF CHLORINE DISINFECTION

Definitions of Chemical Terms

Analysis of Available Chlorine

Stability of Chlorine in Solution

Factors Affecting Chlorine Microbicidal Activity

Effect of pH

Effect of Concentration

Effect of Temperature

Effect of Organic Material

Effect of Hardness.

Effect of Addition of Ammonia or Amino Compounds

Effect of Addition of Iodine or Bromine (Halogen Mixture)

MECHANISMS OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION

Hypochlorous Acid Formation in Cells

Hypochlorous Acid Reactivity

Reaction of Products of Myeloperoxidase-Mediated Antimicrobial System

FORMULATION OF PRODUCTS

Matching Compounds and Forms

Formulation Ingredients

Chemistry Considerations

Packaging Considerations

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR DISINFECTION

Drinking Water Treatment

Sewage and Wastewater Treatment

Hard-Surface Cleaning and Disinfection

Laundry Disinfection

Pool, Hot Tub, and Spa Maintenance

Food Processing and Food Service

Disinfection to Prevent Diseases and Parasites in Agriculture

Disinfection as an Additional Benefit in Pulp Bleaching

Medicine and Allied Sciences

Disaster, Outbreak, and Bioterrorism Response

SURFACE COMPATIBILITY

RECENT INNOVATIONS

Electrolytic Cells

Tissue Culture

Antimicrobial Surfaces

Other Processes Using Chlorine-Based Antimicrobials

REGULATORY ASPECTS

United States Regulations

Chlorine Gas/Liquid

Sodium Hypochlorite and Calcium Hypochlorite

Chlorinated Isocyanurates

Halohydantoins

European Union Regulations

16. Iodine and Iodine-Containing Compounds

Properties of Disinfecting Iodine Solutions

Aqueous Solution

Alcoholic Solution

Solutions of Iodophors

Individual Reactivity of Iodine Species

Virtual Impossibility of Discriminating Antimicrobial Activities of I2 and HOI

Stability of Iodine-Based Disinfectants

The Absence of N-iodo Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Reaction With Proteins: Antimicrobial Action and Consumption Effects

PREPARATIONS CONTAINING OR RELEASING FREE IODINE

Solutions of Iodine and Iodide.

Preparations Containing Organic Complexing Agents.

Notes:

Preceded by Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation / editor, Seymour S. Block. 5th ed. 2001.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781496381507

1496381505

OCLC:

1273000835