Global Wage Report 2018/19 : What Lies Behind Gender Pay Gaps.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Office, International Labour.

Series:

Global Wage Report

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Equal pay for equal work.

Pay equity.

Sex discrimination in employment.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (172 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Other Title:

Global Wage Report 2018/19

Place of Publication:

Genève 22 : International Labour Organisation (ILO), 2018.

Summary:

This report examines the evolution of real wages around the world, giving a unique picture of wage trends globally and by region. The 2018/19 edition analyses the gender pay gap.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Boxes

Box 1 Wage statistics in Africa

Box 2  Probability versus cumulative distribution functions: An illustrative example

Box 3 The factor-weighted gender pay gap: An illustrative example

Box 4 Decomposing the gender pay gap: An illustrative explanation

Box 5. Empirical evidence of the gender pay gap at enterprise level

Box 6. The Swiss equal pay tool for small firms

Box 7. Parenthood status in the data - A word of warning

Box A1. What are wages?

Figures

Figure 1. Annual average global real wage growth, 2006-17

Figure 2. Annual average real wage growth in the G20 countries, 2006-17

Figure 3. Total increase in the real average wages of G20 countries, 1999-2017

Figure 4. Annual average economic growth, 2006-17 (GDP in constant prices)

Figure 5. Inflation, 2006-17 (average consumer prices)

Figure 6.  Annual average economic growth by region, 2015 and 2017 (GDP in constant prices)

Figure 7. Inflation by region, 2015 and 2017 (average consumer prices)

Figure 8. Annual average real wage growth by region, 2006-17 (percentage change)

Figure 9. Average real wage index for advanced G20 countries, 2008-17

Figure 10. Average real wage index for emerging G20 countries, 2008-17

Figure 11.  Trends in average real wages and labour productivity in high-income countries, 1999-2017

Figure 12. Key indicators: Year-on-year change in selected high-income countries, 2007-17

Figure 13. Gini estimates of wage inequality in 64 countries (hourly wages)

Figure 14. Gender pay gaps using hourly wages

Figure 15. Gender pay gaps using monthly earnings

Figure 16. Pay gaps and the incidence of part-time work among women

Figure 17. Pay gaps and the incidence of part-time work among men

Figure 18. Wage structures, selected economies.

Figure 19. Factor-weighted gender pay gaps using hourly wages

Figure 20. Factor-weighted gender pay gaps using monthly earnings

Figure 21.  Factor-weighted gender pay gaps: Private-sector versus public-sector employment (mean hourly wages)

Figure 22.  Factor-weighted gender pay gaps: Full-time versus part-time employment (mean hourly wages)

Figure 23.  Comparing raw gender pay gaps and factor-weighted gender pay gaps using mean hourly wage in both cases: Classification based on ranking countries (within five groups) by raw gender pay gap

Figure 24. Gender pay gaps across the wage distribution for selected countries, latest years

Figure 25.  Share of women and men by top and bottom centiles and intervening deciles of the hourly wage distribution, selected countries, latest years

Figure 26. Gender pay gap at the first and ninth quantiles in the hourly wage distribution, latest years

Figure 27.  Share of women and men at the bottom and top centiles of the hourly wage distribution, latest years

Figure 28.  Share of women and men at the 2nd-10th centiles and 91st-99th centiles of the hourly wage distribution, latest years

Figure 29.  Decomposition of the gender pay gap, isolating the explanatory effect of education, selected countries, latest years

Figure 30.  Weighted average of the three components of the gender pay gap shown in figure 29, latest years

Figure 31.  Occupations, feminization, education and the gender pay gap, selected countries, latest years

Figure 32. Wages and occupation by degree of feminization

Figure 33. Hourly wage by degree of feminization in Europe, 2014

Figure 34. Hourly wage by degree of feminization and wage profiles in Europe, 2014

Figure 35.  Age, participation and the gender pay gap, selected countries by income group and latest years.

Figure A1. Share of paid employees in total employment, 1995-2017

Figure A3.  Educational attainments of men and women wage employees by their location and ranking in the hourly wage distribution (score in education)

Tables

Table 8.1 Details of the factor-weighted gender pay gap for Egypt

Table 9.1  Labour market endowments, attributes and characteristics for the decomposition of the gender pay gap

Table 9.2. Motherhood and fatherhood gaps for selected economies, latest years

Table A1. Country-specific nominal wage and real wage growth, 2013-17

Table A2. ILO country groupings by region

Table A3. ILO country groupings by income level

Table A4 Coverage of the Global Wage database, 2017 (percentage)

Table A5. Coverage of the Global Wage database, 2007-17 (percentage)

Preface

Acknowledgements

Executive summary

Part I. Major trends in wages

1 Introduction

2 Global wage trends

2.1 Wage trends

2.2 The global context

3 Regional wage trends

4 Wage indices over the last ten years

5 Wages and productivity in high-income economies

6 Wage inequality

Part II. Measuring gender pay gaps and understanding what lies behind them

7 Introduction

8 Measuring the gender pay gap

8.1 The raw gender pay gap

8.2 Going beyond the raw gender pay gap

8.3 A complementary measure: The factor-weighted gender pay gap

9 What are the factors that lie behind the gender pay gap?

9.1 Estimating the gender pay gap across the hourly wage distribution

9.2 What part of the gender pay gap can be explained by differences in the characteristics of women and men in the labour market?

9.3 Understanding what lies behind the unexplained part of the gender pay gap: The undervaluation of women's work and the motherhood pay gap

Part III. Which way forward?

10 Measures for sustainable wage growth.

11 Reducing the gender pay gap

12 The need for better data

13 The need to move beyond simple measures of the gender pay gap

14 Exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution, and reviewing the effectiveness of labour market institutions

15 Tackling the "explained" part of the gender pay gap: Education, polarization and occupational segregation

16 Tackling the "unexplained" part of the gender pay gap: The undervaluation of work in feminized occupations and enterprises, and implementation of equal pay

17 Reducing the motherhood pay gap

18 Time to accelerate progress in closing gender pay gaps

Appendices

I Global wage trends: Methodological issues

II Real and nominal wage growth, by region and country

III Country and territory groupings, by region and income level

IV Coverage of the Global Wage database

V National data sources

VI Decomposing the gender pay gap

VII Educational attainments of men and women wage employees by their location and ranking in the hourly wage distribution

Bibliography.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9789220313473

9220313472

OCLC:

1301394461