Biofuel extraction techniques : biofuels, solar, and other technologies / edited by Lalit Prasad, Subhalaxmi Pradhan, and S. N. Naik.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Prasad, Lalit, editor.

Pradhan, Subhalaxmi, editor.

Naik, S. N., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Biomass energy.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (629 pages)

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Scrivener Publishing LLC, [2023]

Summary:

BIOFUEL EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES The energy industry and new energy sources and innovations are rapidly changing and evolving. This new volume addresses the current state-of-the-art concepts and technologies associated with biofuel extraction technologies. Biofuels are a viable alternative to petroleum-based fuel because they are produced from organic materials such as plants and their wastes, agricultural crops, and by-products. The development of cutting-edge technology has increased the need for energy significantly, which has resulted in an overreliance on fossil fuels. Renewable fuels are an important subject of research because of their biodegradability, eco-friendliness, decrease in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and favorable socioeconomic consequences to counteract imitations of fossil fuels. Different extraction techniques are used for the production of biofuel from renewable feedstocks. A good example is biodiesel, a promising biofuel which is produced by transesterification of plant-based oils. Extraction of oil includes traditional methods, solvent extraction, mechanical extraction, microwave-assisted and ultrasonic-assisted methods. Many innovative techniques are also used to overcome the limitations of conventional methods. Microwave-assisted and ultrasonic-assisted are some of the new techniques which include the pre-treatment of the raw material using either ultrasonic waves or radio waves which helps in increasing the efficiency of the extraction of oil and improves the final quality of the oil. Written and edited a team of experts in the field, this exciting new volume covers all of these technologies with a view toward giving the engineer, scientist, or other professional the practical solutions for their day-to-day problems. It also contains the theory behind the practical applications, as well, making it the perfect reference for students and engineers alike. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 Plant Seed Oils and Their Potential for Biofuel Production in India

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Background

1.3 Non-Edible Oil as Feedstock for Biodiesel

1.3.1 Jatropha

1.3.2 Pongamia

1.3.3 Mahua

1.3.4 Nahor

1.3.5 Rubber

1.3.6 Lesser Explored Non-Edible Oils for Biodiesel Feedstock in India

1.4 Fuel Qualities

1.4.1 Cetane Number

1.4.2 Acid Value

1.4.3 Ester Content, Glycerides, and Glycerol

1.4.4 Phosphorus Content

1.4.5 Iodine Value

1.4.6 Oxidation Stability

1.4.7 Linolenic Acid Methyl Esters

1.4.8 Polyunsaturated (≥ 4 Double Bonds) Methyl Esters

1.5 Conclusion

Author Contributions

References

Chapter 2 Processing of Feedstock in Context of Biodiesel Production

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Feedstock in Context of Biodiesel

2.3 Processing of Oilseeds

2.3.1 Pretreatment

2.3.2 Decortication

2.3.2.1 Characteristics of Oilseeds Required for Decortication

2.3.2.2 Decortication Method

2.4 Oil Extraction Methods

2.4.1 Aqueous Method

2.4.2 Hydraulic Press

2.4.3 Ghani (Animal or Power-Driven)

2.4.4 Solvent Extraction Method

2.4.5 Mechanical Extraction Method

2.4.6 Microwave Assisted Oil Extraction

2.4.7 Ultrasonic Assisted Oil Extraction

2.4.8 Supercritical Assisted Oil Extraction

2.5 Catalyst

2.5.1 Homogeneous Catalyst

2.5.2 Heterogeneous Catalyst

2.5.3 Biocatalyst

2.6 Production Process of Biodiesel

2.7 Techniques for Biodiesel Production

2.7.1 Catalytic Transesterification Technique

2.7.2 Pyrolysis

2.7.3 Microwave Assisted

2.7.4 Ultrasonic Assisted

2.7.5 Supercritical Assisted

2.8 Advantages &amp

Disadvantages of Using Biodiesel

2.9 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives of Biodiesel

2.10 Summary

References.

Chapter 3 Extraction Techniques for Biodiesel Production

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Direct Use and Blending

3.3 Microemulsion

3.4 Pyrolysis

3.5 Transesterification

3.5.1 Homogeneous Catalyzed Transesterification

3.5.2 Heterogeneous Catalyzed Transesterification

3.5.3 Enzyme Catalyzed Transesterification

3.5.4 Supercritical Alcohol Transesterification

3.6 Intensification Methods for Biodiesel Production

3.6.1 Ultrasonic Method

3.6.2 Microwave Method

3.6.3 Cosolvent Method

3.6.4 Membrane Technology

3.6.5 Reactive Distillation

3.7 Conclusions

Chapter 4 Role of Additives on Anaerobic Digestion, Biomethane Generation, and Stabilization of Process Parameters

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Anaerobic Digestion Process

4.3 Metallic Additives

4.4 Alkali Additives

4.5 Biological Additives

4.5.1 Microorganisms

4.5.2 Enzymes

4.6 Carbon-Based Additives

4.6.1 Graphene

4.6.2 Carbon Nanotubes

4.6.3 Activated Carbon

4.6.4 Biochar

4.7 Nanoparticles

4.7.1 Fe Nanoparticles

4.7.2 Nanoparticles of Ag and ZnO

4.7.3 Nanoparticles of Fe2O4

4.8 Other Natural Additives

4.9 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Chapter 5 An Overview on Established and Emerging Biogas Upgradation Systems for Improving Biomethane Quality

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Available Biogas Upgradation Techniques

5.3 Microbial Methane Enrichment

5.4 Bioelectrochemical System

5.5 Photosynthetic Biogas Upgradation

5.6 Techno-Economics of Biological Biogas Upgradation Technologies

5.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Chapter 6 Renewable Feedstocks for Biofuels

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Sugar Containing Plant Crops

6.2.1 Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum)

6.2.2 Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.)

6.2.3 Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

6.3 Crops.

6.3.1 Corn (Zea mays)

6.3.2 CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta)

6.4 Oilseed

6.4.1 Soybean (Glycine max)

6.4.2 Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

6.4.3 Canola Oil

6.4.4 Sunflower Oil

6.4.5 Castor Oil

6.4.6 Cottonseed Oil

6.4.7 Jatropha Oil (Jatropha curcas)

6.4.8 Jojoba Oil

6.4.9 NEEM (Azadirachta indica)

6.5 Lignocellulosic Waste

6.5.1 Sugarcane Bagasse

6.5.2 Rice Husk

6.5.3 Corn Stover

6.5.4 Wheat Straw

6.6 Sea Waste

6.6.1 Algae Biomass and Oil

6.7 Liquid Waste

6.7.1 Vinasse

6.7.2 Glycerol

6.7.3 POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent)

6.8 Conclusion

Chapter 7 Extraction Techniques of Gas.to.Liquids (GtL) Fuels

7.1 Introduction

7.2 History and Origin of Gas to Liquid Technology

7.3 What is Gas to Liquids (GtL) Fuel?

7.4 Need and Benefits from Gas to Liquid Technology

7.5 Extraction or Conversion Techniques of Gas to Liquid Fuels

7.5.1 Gas to Liquid by Direct Conversion

7.5.2 Gas to Liquid by Indirect Conversion

7.5.2.1 Natural Gas Reforming or Methane Reforming (Syngas)

7.5.2.2 Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Synthesis

7.5.2.3 Conversion

7.6 Advancements in Gas to Liquid Technology

7.7 Conclusions

Chapter 8 Second Generation Biofuels and Extraction Techniques

List of Abbreviations

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomasses

8.2.1 Physical Pre-Treatment Methods

8.2.2 Chemical Pre-Treatment Methods

8.2.3 Physico-Chemical Pre-Treatment Methods

8.2.4 Biological Pre-Treatment Methods

8.3 Extraction of Biofuel from Lignocellulosic Biomass

8.3.1 Pyrolysis

8.3.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction

8.4 Bioethanol

8.4.1 Aromatic Lignocellulosic Biomass as Potential Candidate for Bioethanol

8.4.2 Enzymatic Saccharification

8.4.3 Ethanol Conversion Processes.

8.4.4 Process for the Production of Ethanol from Sugary Crops

8.4.5 Process for the Production of Ethanol from Starchy Crops

8.4.6 Process for the Production of Bioethanol from Cellulosic Biomass and Spent Aromatic Crops

8.4.7 Purification of Bioethanol

8.5 Biodiesel Production from Fatty Acids

8.5.1 Chemical Catalytic Process

8.5.1.1 Homogeneous Base-Catalysed Transesterification

8.5.1.2 Homogeneous Acid-Catalysed Transesterification

8.5.1.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts

8.5.1.4 Alkali Earth Metal Oxides

8.5.1.5 Acid/Base Zeolites

8.5.1.6 Heteropolyacids

8.5.1.7 Waste Biomass Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts

8.5.1.8 Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts

8.5.2 Biochemical Catalysts

8.6 Levulinic Acid (LA)

8.6.1 Extraction of Levulinic Acid (LA) from Waste and Lignocellulosic Biomass

8.7 Conclusions

Chapter 9 Bio-Alcohol: Production, Purification, and Analysis Using Analytical Techniques

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Biomethanol Extraction

9.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion Process

9.2.2 Biochemical Conversion Process

9.2.3 Anaerobic Digestion

9.3 Bioethanol Extraction

9.3.1 Extraction of Bioethanol from the Waste Flower (Starchy Material)

9.3.2 Analytical Methods for Determination of Bioethanol

9.3.3 Bioethanol Extraction from Sugarcane

9.4 Biopropanol Extraction

9.5 Bioglycerol Extraction

9.6 Bioethylene Glycol Extraction

9.7 Branched-Chain Bioalcohols Extraction

9.8 Purification of Bioalcohol

9.8.1 Distillation

9.8.2 Adsorption

9.8.3 Ozonation

9.8.4 Gas Striping

9.8.5 Pervaporation

9.8.6 Vaccum Fermentation

9.8.7 Solvent Extraction

9.9 Quantification of Bioalcohols

9.9.1 Gas Chromatography (GC)

9.9.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

9.9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)

9.9.4 Olfactometry.

9.10 Recent Perspective of Bioalcohol Production

9.11 Conclusion and Future Trends of Bioalcohol

Chapter 10 Studies on Extraction Techniques of Bio-Hydrogen

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Bio-Hydrogen Production Process

10.2.1 Fermentation

10.2.1.1 Dark Fermentation

10.2.1.2 Photo Fermentation

10.2.1.3 Sequential Dark and Photo Fermentation

10.3 Bio-Photolysis

10.3.1 Direct Bio-Photolysis

10.3.2 Indirect Bio-Photolysis

10.4 Microbial Electrolysis Cell

10.5 Conclusion

Chapter 11 Valorization of By-Products Produced During the Extraction and Purification of Biofuels

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Biodiesel Production Process and Its Byproducts

11.2.1 Valorization of De-Oiled Seed Cakes

11.2.1.1 Valorization of De-Oiled Cake via Anaerobic Digestion Route

11.2.2 Valorization of Glycerol

11.2.2.1 Valorization of Glycerol via Anaerobic Digestion Route

11.2.2.2 Valorization of Glycerol via Biological Conversion Route

11.2.2.3 Valorization of Glycerol via Chemical Conversion Route

11.2.2.4 Valorization of Glycerol via Catalytic Conversion Route

11.2.2.5 Valorization of Glycerol via Thermochemical Conversion Route

11.3 Biorefinery Concept Based on Utilization of Whole Oilseed Plant

11.4 Valorization of Byproducts Obtained in the Bioethanol Fermentation Process

11.5 Valorization of Byproducts Obtained in Anaerobic Digestion Process

11.5.1 Valorization of CO2 Content in Biogas

11.5.2 Valorization of Digestate

11.6 Conclusion

Chapter 12 Valorization of Byproducts Produced During Extraction and Purification of Biodiesel: A Promising Biofuel

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Glycerol

12.2.1 Properties of Glycerol

12.2.2 Classifications of Glycerol

12.2.3 Global Glycerol Market

12.2.4 Applications.

12.2.4.1 Conversion of Glycerol into Value-Added Product.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781119829522

1119829526

9781119829515

1119829518

OCLC:

1376933954