Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment Technologies : Concepts and Implementation Strategies / edited by Nadeem Ahmed Khan, Sirajuddin Ahmed, and Viola Vambol.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Khan, Nadeem Ahmed, editor.

Ahmed, Sirajuddin, editor.

Vambol, Viola, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Sewage--Purification.

Sewage.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (398 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : IWA Publishing, [2021]

Summary:

Pharmaceutical wastewater is now a major concern due to the improper legislation around the globe and the poor implementation of existing laws. This book covers the various aspects of pharmaceutical sources, treatment technologies, and the harmful effect on the natural environment. The book will also highlight the concept of the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) as applied to the treatment and resource recovery systems for pharmaceutical treatment. The different innovative technologies will deal with reducing the energy requirements, the physical space requirements and impacts of treatment plants . Some case studies are included in order to fully understand the practical aspects of the treatment and modelling.

Contents:

Cover

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction - background and brief history of pharmaceutical wastewater

ABSTRACT

1.1 OVERVIEW OF WATER CRISES AND SEARCHING FOR ALTERNATE RESOURCES

1.2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF WASTEWATER AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT

1.3 WATER AND WASTEWATER SCENARIO IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE PAKISTAN

1.4 PHARMACEUTICALWASTEWATER

1.5 COMPOSITION OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER

1.6 HEALTH HAZARD EFFECTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER

1.7 CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLOOK OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

1.8 BIOLOGICALWASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

1.9 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Comprehensive insights into sources of pharmaceutical wastewater in the biotic systems

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES OF PHARMACEUTICALS

2.3 SOURCES OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN WATER ENVIRONMENTS

2.3.1 Hospitals

2.3.2 Sewage

2.3.3 Aquaculture

2.3.4 Horticulture and animal husbandry

2.3.5 Waste disposal

2.3.6 Environmental fate of pharmaceuticals in water environments

2.4 SCOPUS BASED PUBLICATIONS FOR PHARMACEUTICALWASTEWATER

2.5 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 3: Prioritisation of pharmaceutical in effluent considering its biohazard

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 NEED FOR PRIORITISATION

3.3 SELECTION OF CRITERIA

3.4 PRIORITISATION OF DRUGS AND RATIONALE FOR SELECTION OF CRITERIA

3.5 SELECTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS

3.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.6.1 Development of priority list

3.6.2 High priority list

3.6.3 Moderate priority list

3.6.4 Low priority list

3.7 CONCLUSION

Chapter 4: Occurrences: pharmaceutical wastewater in environment

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.1.1 Pharmaceutical industry - echelons in country's economy

4.1.2 Pharmaceutical pollution - an emerging crisis

4.2 SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION.

4.2.1 Point sources

4.2.1.1 Wastewater

4.2.1.2 Septic tanks

4.2.1.3 Municipal landfills leachates

4.2.2 Diffused (miscellaneous) sources

4.2.2.1 Sewage sludge

4.2.2.2 Groundwater-surface interface

4.3 MAJOR PHARMACEUTICAL (APIS) POLLUTANTS

4.4 PHARMACEUTICALWASTEWATER

4.4.1 Types of wastewater effluent from the pharmaceutical industry

4.4.1.1 Basic (raw material) manufacturing unit wastewater

4.4.1.2 Formulation manufacturing unit wastewater

4.5 OCCURRENCE OF PHARMACEUTICALWASTEWATER IN THE ENVIRONMENT

4.5.1 Aquatic bodies

4.5.1.1 Occurrence in ground water

4.5.1.2 Occurrence in surface water

4.5.2 In soil

4.6 EGREGIOUS INFLUENCES OF PHARMACEUTICALS OCCURRED IN AQUATIC BODIES AND SOIL

4.6.1 Microorganisms - the basics of an ecosystem chain

4.6.2 Algae - primary producers of aquatic environment

4.6.3 Fishes - an important nutrition source

4.6.4 Birds, mammals and humans

4.6.5 Phytotoxicity

4.7 CURBING PHARMACEUTICAL POLLUTANTS - BRIEF DISCUSSION OF TREATMENT STRATEGIES

4.7.1 Recovery process

4.7.2 Physical-chemical methods

4.7.3 Biological methods

4.7.4 Activated carbon

4.7.5 Innovative (oxidation) treatment strategies

4.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS

Chapter 5: Pharmaceutical presence in effluent detected till date

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.1.1 Characteristics of hospital wastewater and subsequent risks

5.1.2 Biological characteristics and risks

5.1.3 Occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in hospital effluents in the aquatic environment

5.1.4 Impact of HWW on the aquatic ecosystem

5.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

5.3 ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR PHARMACEUTICALS ON LCMS

5.3.1 Preparation of standard solutions

5.3.2 Procedure of sample preparation

5.3.3 UPLC conditions

5.3.4 Mass spectrometry

5.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

5.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE VALUES OF PARAMETERS FOUND IN HOSPITAL EFFLUENT GLOBALLY AND IN THIS STUDY

5.6 CONCLUSION

Chapter 6: Legislative and criminal law aspects of water protection and prevention of pharmaceuticals accumulation in nature

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 REGULATIONS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF SURFACE OF WATERS FROM CONTAMINATION BY WASTE-WATER. QUALITY STANDARDS OF UKRAINE

6.3 CRIMES AGAINST WATER RESOURCES IN UKRAINE

6.3.1 Statistical data

6.3.2 Dynamics indicators

6.3.3 The series average characteristics calculation

6.4 WORLD EXPERIENCE IN THE CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF WATER BODIES AND IN THE PREVENTION OF ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS

6.5 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 7: Eco-toxicity and health issues associated with the pharmaceuticals in aqueous environments: a global scenario

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 PHARMACEUTICAL USAGE AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

7.2.1 Persistence, pathways and transformations in environment

7.3 HEALTH ASSESSMENT AND RISK ANALYSIS

7.3.1 Analyzing risk quotient

7.4 HOSPITALWASTEWATER CONTAINING TOXIC CHEMICALS AND PHaCS

7.5 POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS OF DISCHARGING UNTREATED/PARTIALLY TREATED WASTEWATER IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

7.6 IMPACT OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESIDUES ON HUMANS AND THE ECOSYSTEM

7.6.1 Disease outbreaks and ecological hazards

7.6.2 DNA damage and genotoxicity

7.7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 8: Treatment schemes - conventional and dedicated for PhACs treatment

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 TRADITIONAL TREATMENT METHODS OF CONTAMINATED WATER

8.3 CARBONACEOUS NANOMATERIALS

8.4 GRAPHENE

8.5 OTHER NANO-ADSORBENTS

8.5.1 MoS2 nanosheets

8.5.2 Hexagonal boron nitride

8.5.3 Nano-hydroxyapatite

8.5.4 Chitosan

8.6 METAL OXIDES

8.7 NANOCOMPOSITES.

8.8 ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES

8.8.1 Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOP)

8.8.2 Fenton process

8.8.3 Photocatalytic degradation of PhACs and the combined effect of UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide on organic compounds

8.8.3.1 Photocatalytic material fabrication

8.8.3.2 Experimental conditions

8.8.3.3 Experimental works plan

8.8.3.4 Properties of photocatalytic samples produced

8.8.3.5 Research results

8.9 WATER TREATMENT METHODS FOR FIELD HOSPITALS

8.10 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 9: Effect on treatment schemes pharmaceutical wastewater on conventional treatment plants

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 WATER POLLUTION WORLDWIDE

9.3 PHARMACEUTICALS IN WATER

9.3.1 History

9.3.2 Definition

9.4 MEDICATION USE

9.5 DRUG CIRCUIT AFTER ADMINISTRATION

9.6 DIVERSITY OF COMPOUNDS AND VARIETIES OF CONCENTRATIONS

9.7 FREQUENCY OF DETECTION AND CONTAMINATION OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS

9.7.1 River waters

9.7.2 Surface water

9.7.3 Deep waters

9.7.4 Coastal and estuarine waters

9.7.5 Drinking water

9.8 ORIGIN OF PHARMACEUTICAL LIQUID EFFLUENTS

9.8.1 Domestic waste

9.8.2 Discharges from healthcare establishments and hospitals

9.8.3 Medical analysis laboratories Discharges from medical analysis laboratories may be

9.8.4 Farm waste

9.8.5 Industrial discharges

9.9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RISKS RELATED TO PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

9.9.1 Potential impacts on human health

9.9.2 Impact on ecosystems

9.10 PHARMACEUTICALS REMOVAL FROM WATER

9.10.1 Biodegradation

9.10.2 Membrane separation processes

9.10.3 Adsorption

9.10.4 Urban WWTP flow reduction

9.10.5 Activated sludge

9.10.6 Bacterial beds

9.11 CONCLUSION

Chapter 10: Urban wastewater treatment plants

10.1 INTRODUCTION.

10.2 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POLLUTION CONCEPT

10.3 SOURCES OF WASTEWATER

10.3.1 Domestic wastewater

10.3.2 Industrial wastewater

10.3.3 Urban wastewater

10.4 POLLUTANTS CLASSIFICATION

10.4.1 Organic/mineral nature

10.4.2 Solubility

10.4.3 Toxicity

10.4.4 Bioactivity

10.5 CHARACTERIZATION PARAMETERS

10.5.1 Physico-chemical parameters

10.5.1.1 Temperature

10.5.1.2 pH (hydrogen potential)

10.5.1.3 Dissolved oxygen (DO) and percentage (%) of oxygen saturation

10.5.1.4 Conductivity

10.5.2 Indicators of particulate pollution

10.5.2.1 Total suspended solids (TSS)

10.5.2.2 Volatile suspended solids (VSS)

10.5.2.3 Turbidity

10.5.3 Parameters of organic pollution

10.5.3.1 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

10.5.3.2 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

10.5.3.3 Total oxygen demand (TOD)

10.5.3.4 Total organic carbon (COT)

10.5.4 Nutritive elements

10.5.5 Microbiological pollutants

10.5.5.1 Viruses

10.5.5.2 Bacteria

10.5.5.3 Protozoa

10.5.5.4 Helminths

10.5.6 Toxic elements

10.5.6.1 Trace, mineral or organic elements

10.5.6.2 Heavy metals

10.5.7 Emerging pollutants

10.5.7.1 Pharmaceutical micropollutants

10.5.7.2 Pesticides

10.6 URBAN SANITATION

10.7 TREATMENT STAGES

10.7.1 Pre-treatment

10.7.1.1 Screening

10.7.1.2 Desanding

10.7.1.3 Degreasing

10.7.2 Primary sedimentation

10.7.3 Biological treatment

10.7.3.1 Intensive process

10.7.3.2 Trickling filter

10.7.3.3 Biodisks

10.7.3.4 Activated sludge

10.7.3.5 Extensive process

10.7.3.6 Infiltration-percolation

10.7.3.7 Planted filters with vertical flow

10.7.3.8 Reed filter beds with horizontal flow

10.7.3.9 Natural lagoons

10.7.3.10 Aerated lagooning

10.7.4 Tertiary treatment techniques for disinfection

10.7.4.1 Chlorination

10.7.4.2 Ozonation.

10.7.4.3 Ultraviolet.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781523162314

1523162317

9781789061345

1789061342

9781789061338

1789061334

OCLC:

1235964281