Physiology of astroglia : channels, receptors, transporters, ion signaling and gliotransmission / Alexei Verkhratsky and Vladimir Parpura.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Verkhratskiĭ, A. N. (Alekseĭ Nestorovich), author.

Parpura, Vladimir, 1964- author.

Series:

Colloquium digital library of life sciences.

Colloquium series on neuroglia in biology and medicine ; 2375-9917 # 4.

Colloquium Series on Neuroglia in Biology and Medicine : From Physiology to Disease, 2375-9917

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Astrocytes.

Developmental neurobiology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (174 p.)

Place of Publication:

[San Rafael, California] : Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, 2015.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Astrocytes can be defined as the glia inhabiting the nervous system with the main function in the maintenance of nervous tissue homeostasis. Classified into several types according to their morphological appearance, many of astrocytes form a reticular structure known as astroglial syncytium, owing to their coupling via intercellular channels organized into gap junctions. Not only do astrocytes establish such homocellular contacts, but they also engage in intimate heterocellular interactions with neurons, most notably at synaptic sites. As synaptic structures house the very core of information transfer and processing in the nervous system, astroglial perisynaptic positioning assures that these glial cells can nourish neurons and establish bidirectional communication with them, functions outlined in the concepts of the astrocytic cradle and multi-partite synapse, respectively. Astrocytes possess a rich assortment of ligand receptors, ion and water channels, and ion and ligand transporters, which collectively contribute to astrocytic control of homeostasis and excitability. Astroglia control glutamate and adenosine homeostasis to exert modulatory actions affecting the real-time operation of synapses. Fluctuations of intracellular calcium can lead to the release of various chemical transmitters from astrocytes through a process termed gliotransmission. Sodium fluctuations are closely associated to those of calcium with both dynamic events interfacing signaling and metabolism. Astrocytes appear fully integrated into the brain cellular circuitry, being an indispensable part of neural networks.

Contents:

1. Astrocytes: general perspective

1.1 Astroglia: definition and identification

1.2 Astroglial diversity

1.3 Astroglial syncytia

1.4 Astroglia and synapse: the concept of multi-partite synapse and astroglial cradle

1.4.1 Multi-partite synapse

1.4.2 Astroglial synaptic coverage

1.4.3 Astrocytes cradle: fostering and maintaining synaptic connectivity

2. Ion distribution and membrane potential

2.1 Ion distribution

2.2 Membrane potential

2.3 Astrocytes are electrically non-excitable cells

3. Ion channels

3.1 Ion channels: an overview

3.2 Potassium channels

3.2.1 Inward rectifier potassium channels, Kir

3.2.2 Voltage-independent K+ channels

3.2.3 Voltage-gated K+ channels, Kv

3.2.4 Ca2+ dependent K+ channels, Kca

3.2.5 A note on astroglia as central element of extracellular potassium homeostasis

3.3 Sodium channels

3.3.1 Voltage-gated sodium channels, Nav

3.3.2 [Na+]o-regulated Na+ channels, Nax

3.4 Calcium channels

3.4.1 Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

3.4.2 Store-operated Ca2+ channels of orai family

3.5 Intracellular Ca2+ channels

3.6 Transient receptor potential (TRP channels)

3.6.1 TRPC channels

3.6.2 TRPA1 channels

3.6.3 TRPV channels

3.7 Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels

3.8 Anion channels

3.9 Aquaporins or water channels

3.9.1 A note on water homeostasis, extracellular space, and glymphatic system

3.10 Connexons and connexins

3.11 Pannexons

4. Neurotransmitter receptors

4.1 Receptors for neurotransmitters and neurohormones: an overview

4.2 Astroglia express multiple receptors

4.3 Glutamate receptors

4.3.1 Ionotropic glutamate receptors

4.3.2 Metabotropic glutamate receptors

4.4 Purinoceptors

4.4.1 Adenosine (P1) receptors

4.4.2 P2Y metabotropic purinoceptors

4.4.3 Ionotropic P2X purinoceptors

4.5 Receptors for inhibitory amino acids

4.5.1 GABA receptors

4.5.2 Glycine receptors

4.6 Other types of receptors for neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

4.6.1 Acetylcholine receptors

4.6.2 Adrenergic receptors

4.6.3 Serotonin receptors

4.6.4 Histamine receptors

4.6.5 Bradykinin receptors

4.6.6 Cannabinoid receptors

4.6.7 Neuropeptide receptors

4.6.8 Leptin receptors

4.6.9 Cytokine and chemokine receptors

4.6.10 Complement receptors

4.6.11 Platelet-activating factor receptor

4.6.12 Thrombin receptors

4.6.13 Ephrin receptors

4.6.14 Succinate receptors

4.6.15 Toll-like receptors

4.6.16 PACAP receptors

4.6.17 Astroglia and glucose sensing

5. Membrane transporters

5.1 An overview of membrane transporters

5.2 ATP-dependent transporters in astroglia

5.2.1 Astroglial P-type pumps

5.2.2 Astroglial F- and V-type pumps

5.2.3 Astroglial ABC-binding cassette transporters

5.3 Secondary transporters

5.3.1 Plasmalemmal glutamate transporters

5.3.2 Sxc- cystine/glutamate antiporter

5.3.3 Glutamine transporters

5.3.4 GABA transporters

5.3.5 Glycine transporters

5.3.6 Adenosine transporters

5.3.7 Dopamine transporters

5.3.8 D-serine transporter

5.3.9 A note on astroglial role in regulation of neurotransmitters homeostasis

5.3.10 Plasmalemmal sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX)

5.3.11 Sodium-proton exchanger (NHE)

5.3.12 Sodium-bicarbonate co-transporter (NBC)

5.3.13 A note on astrocytes and regulation of pH in the CNS

5.3.14 A note on astroglia and central chemoception of pH and CO2

5.3.15 Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter (NKCC1)

5.3.16 Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters

5.3.17 Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs)

5.3.18 Ascorbic transporters

5.3.19 A note on the astroglial antioxidant system

5.3.20 Zinc transporter and zinc homeostasis

6. Ionic signaling in astroglia

6.1 Calcium signaling: general principles

6.1.1 Calcium signaling: an evolutionary perspective

6.1.2 Calcium signaling: molecular mechanisms

6.2 Calcium signaling and astroglial excitability

6.2.1 Endoplasmic reticulum provides for Ca2+ excitability of astrocytes

6.2.2 Store-operated Ca2+ entry in astrocytes

6.2.3 Ionotropic Ca2+ permeable receptors in astrocytes

6.2.4 Plasmalemmal sodium/calcium exchanger in astroglial Ca2+ signaling

6.2.5 Mitochondria in astroglial Ca2+ signaling

6.2.6 Calcium waves in astrocytes

6.3 Sodium signaling in astrocytes

7. Gliotransmission: astrocytes as secretory cells of the nervous system

7.1 The fundamentals of chemical neurotransmission

7.2 The concept of astroglia as secretory cells in the CNS

7.3 Astrocytes secrete multiple neuroactive substances

7.4 Astroglial secretion proceeds by multiple molecular pathways

7.4.1 Exocytosis

7.4.2 Diffusional release of neurotransmitters from astrocytes

7.4.3 Transporter-mediated neurotransmitter release from astrocytes

7.5 Main neurotransmitters and neuromodulators released from astrocytes

7.5.1 Glutamate

7.5.2 ATP/Adenosine

7.5.3 GABA

7.5.4 D-Serine

7.5.5 Kynurenic acid

7.5.6 Lactate

7.5.7 Glutamine

Concluding remarks

References

Author biographies.

Notes:

Part of: Colloquium digital library of life sciences.

Includes bibliographical references.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed April 20, 2015).

Cited in:

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ISBN:

1-61504-673-9

OCLC:

907987738