Neuroinflammation, Second Edition / edited by Alireza Minagar.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Minagar, Alireza, editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nervous system--Diseases.

Nervous system.

Nervous system--Degeneration.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (702 pages)

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

London, United Kingdom : Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, [2018]

Summary:

Neuroinflammation, Second Edition, discusses the role inflammation plays in neuro-inflammatory diseases.As research in neuroinflammation has dramatically increased in recent years, this new edition covers all of the new developments and findings since the first publication nearly a decade ago.

Contents:

Front Cover

Neuroinflammation

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

1 Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Clinical Features

Initial Presentation of MS

Clinical Course of MS

MS-Exacerbating Conditions

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of Relapses and Disease Progression

"Inflammation" in MS Pathophysiology

"Degeneration" in MS Pathophysiology

Inflammation-Induced Degenerative Processes

Primary Degenerative Processes

Pathophysiology of Remissions

Pathophysiology of Cortical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Management

Management of Acute Relapses

Disease-Modifying Therapies

Interferon-Beta

Glatiramer Acetate

Dimethyl Fumarate

Teriflunomide

Fingolimod

Natalizumab

Alemtuzumab

Daclizumab

References

Further Reading

2 Neutralizing Antibodies and Multiple Sclerosis in the Era of Disease Modifying Treatments

Introduction

Interferon Beta

Immunogenicity

Neutralizing Antibody Assays

The Cytopathic Effect (CPE) Assay

Assays Based on the Interferon-β-Stimulated Production of Myxovirus Resistance Protein A

The Reporter Gene Assay

The In Vivo Induction of Myxovirus Resistance Protein A

NAb Titer and Defining NAb Status

Clinical Relevance of NAbs

Clinical Outcomes

MRI Outcomes

NAbs Testing in Clinical Practice

Conclusion

3 Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Etiology, Clinical Course, and Pathology

Etiologies of MS and Its Animal Models

Animal Models: EAE and TMEV Infection

Clinical Courses of MS and Its Animal Models

Pathology of MS and Its Animal Models

Demyelination Versus Axonal Degeneration (Neurodegeneration): Inside-Out Model of MS

CD4+ T-cells in MS and Its Animal Models

Th Cell Subsets.

Roles of Th1 Cells in EAE and TMEV Infection

Roles of Th2 Cells in EAE and TMEV Infection

Roles of Th17 Cells in EAE and TMEV Infection

Roles of Tregs in EAE and TMEV Infection

Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in MS and Its Animal Models

Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors

CXCR3 and Its Ligands in MS, EAE, and TMEV Infection

CCR5 and Its Ligands in MS, EAE, and TMEV Infection

CCR2 and Its Ligands in MS, EAE, and TMEV Infection

CCR4 and Its Ligands in MS and EAE

CCR6 and Its Ligands in MS and EAE

Future Perspectives

MS Heterogeneities Explain the Differing Roles of Th Cell Subsets and Chemokine Receptors

Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors as a Potential Target for MS Treatment

Acknowledgments

4 Neuroimaging of Multiple Sclerosis and Other Immune-Mediated Diseases of Central Nervous System: An Update

Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis

Conventional Imaging

Imaging Findings

Nonconventional Imaging Techniques in the Differential Diagnosis of MS

Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging

Perfusion Imaging

MR Spectroscopy

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS)

Optic Neuritis

Neuroimaging Characteristics

Morphology of the Lesions

Myelitis

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO)

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

PML-IRIS

Neuroimaging of Acute (Marburg variant) Multiple Sclerosis and Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions

Tumefactive MS and Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions (TDLs)

Morphology of the Lesions.

Fulminant/Marburg Variant MS

Other Variants of Tumefactive MS

Schilder Type ("diffuse sclerosis")

Baló Type

5 Role of IL-12/IL-23 in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis

Structure of IL-12 Family Members, and Their Receptors

Role of IL-12 and IL-23 in CD4 T-Cell Subsets in EAE

Role of IL-12 and IL-23 in CD4 T-Cell Subsets in MS

Polymorphisms in IL-12 and IL-23 Associated Genes and Risk of MS

IL-12 and IL-23 as Potential Biomarkers for MS

Effect of MS Therapies on the IL-12/IL-23 Pathways

Targeting the IL-12/IL-23 Pathway Therapeutically in MS

6 Acute Transverse Myelitis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Options

Systemic Disease (SD)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and NMOSD

Sjögren's Disease (pSS) and NMOSD

Sarcoidosis

Behçet's Disease (BD)

Infectious and Postinfectious Diseases of the Spinal Cord

Differential Diagnosis

Therapeutic Options

7 Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis: A Mechanistic Look

Failure of the Demyelination in MS

Pathophysiologic Pathways for Repair and Remyelination in MS

Notch Signaling Pathway

Wnt Signaling Pathway

Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway

Erk1/2 MAPK Signaling Pathway

LINGO1 Pathway

Hyaluronan Pathway

Retinoid X Receptor Gamma (RXRγ)/PPAR Signaling Pathway

Integrated Stress Response (ISR) Pathway

Alteration of the Lesion Environment to be More Permissive of OPC Differentiation and Remyelination

Enhancement of Cell Survival After Inflammation, and the Link Between Signaling Pathways and Inflammation in Remyelination

Potential Remyelinating Therapies in MS

Concluding Remarks

References.

8 The Way Forward With Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis

Background

WHY-Which Endpoints Should be Targeted?

Relapses

MRI-Disease Activity

MS-Related Physical Disability-EDSS-Score

Optical Coherence Tomography

Depressive Symptoms

Biomarkers of Disease Activity

Unexplored Territories-Other MS-Related Outcomes

Bone Mineral Density

WHO-Which Individuals Should be Supplemented?

Disease Phenotype

Genetic Profile

Unexplored Territories-Further Strata

HOW-Which Therapeutic Regimen Should be Provided?

Monotherapy or Add-on Therapy to Which Drugs?

Dosing of Vitamin D

Unexplored Territories-Other Vitamin D-Related Molecules

9 Autoimmune Encephalitis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Management

Clinical Features of Specific Antibody Related Syndromes

Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis

Epidemiology of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis

Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Antibodies

Anti-LGI1 and Anti-CASPR2 Antibodies

Anti-LGI1

Anti-CASPR2

Other Antibodies Associated With Encephalitis

Autoimmune Encephalitis Without Detectable Antibodies to CNS Tissue

Antibody Detection in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis

10 Immune Dysregulation in Epilepsy

Inflammation and Seizures

Immune Dysregulation in Patients With Epilepsy

Immunological Alterations in Specific Epilepsy Syndromes

Infantile Spasm

Landau-Kleffner Syndrome

Rasmussen Encephalitis (RE)

Epilepsy Comorbid Autoimmune Conditions

Celiac Disease

Hashimoto's Encephalopathy

Parry Romberg Syndrome

Stiff Man Syndrome

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Immunomodulators for Epilepsy

Corticotropin

Cannabinoids

Corticosteroids

Immunoglobulins

Plasma Exchange.

Conclusions

11 Neurosarcoidosis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Management

Epidemiology

Clinical Presentations

Neuroimaging of NS

The Parenchyma

The Leptomeninges

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Other Cranial Findings

Spinal Cord

Skeletal and Soft Tissue

Treatment

12 Existing and Emerging Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis

Enteral Drugs

Masitinib

Study Details

Adverse Effects

Ongoing Trial

Laquinimod

Ozanimod

Siponimod

Ponesimod

Ongoing Trials

Parenteral Drugs

Rituximab

Anti-Lingo

13 Tumefactive Demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Presentation, Pathophysiology and Treatment Options

Tumefactive Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis

Clinical Presentation

Diagnostic Studies

Imaging

CSF Studies

Biopsy

Rare Variants of Multiple Sclerosis

Balo's Concentric Sclerosis

Marburg Acute Multiple Sclerosis

Schilder's Disease (Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis)

Treatment Options

Prognosis

Conclusions

14 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis

Risk Factors for MS

Proposed Pathophysiology of Pediatric MS

NMO

Laboratory Studies

Pediatric MS Mimics

Acute Relapses

Disease-Modifying Treatments

First-Line Treatments

Other Injectable Medications

Oral Treatments

Intravenous DMTs

Natalizumab.

Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

0-12-811724-9

OCLC:

1047959805