Reasoning : the neuroscience of how we think / Daniel Krawczyk.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Krawczyk, Daniel, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Reasoning (Psychology).

Physical Description:

1 online resource (345 pages) : color illustrations, photographs

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

London, [England] : Academic Press, 2018.

Summary:

Reasoning: The Neuroscience of How We Think is a comprehensive guide to the core topics related to a thorough understanding of reasoning. It presents the current knowledge of the subject in a unified, complete manner, ranging from animal studies, to applied situations, and is the only book available that presents a sustained focus on the neurobiological processes behind reasoning throughout all chapters, while also synthesizing research from animal behavior, cognitive psychology, development, and philosophy for a truly multidisciplinary approach. The book considers historical perspectives, state-of-the-art research methods, and future directions in emerging technology and cognitive enhancement.Written by an expert in the field, this book provides a coherent and structured narrative appropriate for students in need of an introduction to the topic of reasoning as well as researchers seeking well-rounded foundational content. It is essential reading for neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, neuropsychologists and others interested in the neural mechanisms behind thinking, reasoning and higher cognition.- Provides a comparative perspective considering animal cognition and its relevance to human reasoning- Includes developmental and lifespan considerations throughout the book- Discusses technological development and its role in reasoning, both currently and in the future- Considers perspectives from not only neuroscience, but cognitive psychology, philosophy, development, and animal behavior for a multidisciplinary treatment- Contains highlight boxes featuring additional details on methods, historical descriptions and experimental tasks

Contents:

Front Cover

REASONING

REASONING: THE NEUROSCIENCE OF HOW WE THINK

Copyright

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgments

1 - Introduction to Reasoning

INTRODUCTION TO REASONING

About This Book

Features of the Book

DEFINING REASONING

What Counts as "Reasoning"?

Factors That Influence Reasoning

HOW WE STUDY REASONING

Historical Considerations

A Multidisciplinary Approach

CATEGORIZING REASONING

Defining Diverse Modes of Thinking

Determining Cause and Effect

Reasoning About Rules

Inductive Inferences

Reasoning and Decision Making

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Reasoning in Society

What Does the Future Hold?

SUMMARY

END-OF-CHAPTER THOUGHT QUESTIONS

References

2 - The History of Reasoning Research

HISTORY OF REASONING

Introduction

EARLY APPROACHES TO STUDYING REASONING

Reasoning Through Human History

Philosophy of Reasoning

What We Can Learn From the Philosophical Approach

Limitations of Philosophical Inquiry

EARLY PSYCHOLOGY OF REASONING

Reasoning in Early Psychological Research

The Emergence of Knowledge About the Brain

Behaviorism in the United States and Its Effects on Reasoning Research

Behavioral Views on Reasoning and Gestalt Psychology (1920s-1940s)

Reasoning Research (1930s-1950s)

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY OF REASONING

Cognitive Psychology and Reasoning Research (1950s to Present)

The Information Processing Approach to Studying the Mind

Cognition and Reasoning

A Cognitive Approach to Human Judgment and Decision Making

THE EVOLUTION OF COGNITIVE MODELING

Modeling the Cognitive Processes Involved in Reasoning (1980s-Present)

Parallel Distributed Processing

Hybrid Models

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY OF REASONING

Studies of Infant Cognition

NEUROSCIENCE OF REASONING.

The Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience (1990-Present)

Further Reading

3 - The Neuroscience of Reasoning

THE NEUROSCIENCE OF REASONING

Differences in Brain Capacity

ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The Importance of Association Cortex for Higher Cognitive Functions

The Expansion of the Association Cortex in Predators

Communication Across Cortical Areas

NEUROSCIENCE OF RELATIONAL REASONING

From Hypotheses to Neural Network Models and Experiments

Investigating Reasoning Ability in the Brain

Localization of Reasoning and the Prefrontal Cortex

Left Prefrontal Cortex and Relational Reasoning With Analogies

Integrating Relational and Semantic Information

The Cognitive Operations of Reasoning

FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF KNOWLEDGE

The Temporal Lobes and Networks for Concepts

DEDUCTION, INDUCTION, AND THE BRAIN

A Strong Philosophical Distinction

Evidence From Neuroimaging

A Focus on Process-Related Areas in Deduction and Induction

NEURAL NETWORKS OF REASONING

A Shift Toward Neural Networks

4 - Comparative Reasoning: A Cross-Species Perspective

BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMALS AND HUMANS

Evolutionary Considerations

COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY

What Can We Learn From Animal Studies?

Comparing Problem Solving Across Species

How to Test the Reasoning Abilities of Animals

Field Studies of Animal Behavior

Laboratory-Based Studies of Animal Reasoning

The Tension Between Experimental Control and Ecological Validity

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING AS A BASIS FOR ANIMAL REASONING

Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning

Dopaminergic Systems and Predicting Rewards.

ASSOCIATION AS A BASIS FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

The Clever Hans Phenomenon

Problem Solving in the Wild

Tool Use and the Transmission of Hunting Techniques Within Species

CAUSAL REASONING IN NONHUMANS

Moving Beyond Arbitrary Associations

Predictions in Rodents

Do Non-Human Primates Understand Cause and Effect?

SOCIAL COGNITION

Testing for a Concept of Self in Animals

Evidence for Theory of Mind in Chimpanzees, Elephants, and Cetaceans

RELATIONAL REASONING IN ANIMALS

The Role of Symbols in Relational Thinking

The Relational Match-to-Sample Problem

5 - Reasoning Origins: Human Development During Childhood

REASONING ORIGINS

ASSESSING COGNITIVE ABILITIES

Nature Versus Nurture

The Dynamic Nature of Brain Development

Synaptogenesis and Pruning

DEVELOPMENT OF REASONING IN CHILDHOOD

The Developmental Stages of Jean Piaget

The Sensorimotor Period: 0-2 Years of Age

The Preoperational Period: 2-7 Years of Age

The Concrete Operations Period: 7-11 Years of Age

The Formal Operations Period: 12Years of Age and Older

Evaluating Piaget's Theory: A Perspective From Decades Later

CAUSAL REASONING IN CHILDREN

Do Young Children Use the Markov Assumption to Determine Cause?

DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION IN CHILDREN

Deductive Reasoning in Children

Inductive Reasoning in Children

RELATIONAL REASONING IN CHILDREN

Thinking Relationally

Relational Shift in Children

Analogical Reasoning in Children

JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN CHILDREN

How Children Make Decisions

The Representativeness Heuristic in Children

The Role of Availability in Children's Decisions

Anchoring in Children's Decision Making

DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL REASONING

Stages of Moral Development

SUMMARY.

END-OF-CHAPTER THOUGHT QUESTIONS

6 - Reasoning Over the Lifespan

REASONING ACROSS THE LIFESPAN

BIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ADOLESCENCE

Biological Change and Hormones

THE BRAIN AND REASONING FROM ADOLESCENCE TO ADULTHOOD

Cortical Change

Age-Related Changes in Frontal Lobe Network Interconnectivity

Frontal Lobe Changes in Reasoning Capacity With Age

COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS

Abstract Thinking

Decision Making and Risk in Adolescence

Biological Changes Associated With Risk-Taking Behavior

EXECUTIVE CONTROL AND ADVANCED REASONING SKILLS

Changes in Memory Capacity in Adolescence

Memory and Inferences in Adolescence

BRAIN CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING ADULTS

The Aging Brain

CHANGES IN COGNITION WITH AGING

Changes in Processing Speed

Changes in Attention

Changes in Working Memory

The Role of Inhibitory Control in Reasoning as People Age

PRACTICAL REASONING IN THE OLDER YEARS

Reasoning and Healthy Aging

END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS

7 - Disorders of Reasoning

REASONING DISORDERS

COGNITIVE FACTORS IN REASONING DISORDERS

Disorders of Attention

Working Memory Disruptions and Reasoning

The Effects of Long-Term Memory Loss on Reasoning Ability

SOCIAL DEFICITS AND REASONING

Theory of Mind Deficits

NEUROLOGY OF REASONING DEFICITS

Cortical Change in Dementia and Aging

DISORDERS OF RELATIONAL REASONING

Impairments of Visuospatial Relational Reasoning

Challenges in Understanding and Applying Analogies

DISORDERS OF DECISION MAKING

The Effects of Brain Damage on Decision Making

DISRUPTIONS OF MORAL REASONING

8 - Reasoning About Contingencies, Correlations, and Causes.

REASONING ABOUT CONTINGENCIES, CORRELATIONS, AND CAUSES

ESTABLISHING CAUSE AS A BUILDING BLOCK FOR KNOWLEDGE

The Importance of Establishing Cause

CORRELATION OR CAUSATION?

The Challenge of Establishing Causal Links

THE CHALLENGES OF ESTABLISHING CAUSE

Illusory Conjunctions

Frequency Matching and Maximizing in Two-Choice Decision Tasks

The Neuroscience of Frequency Matching and Maximizing

ILLUSIONS OF CONTROL

Inferring Control Over Outcomes

Hypotheses, Guessing, and the Brain

PERCEIVING CAUSAL INFLUENCE

The Launching Effect

Illusions of Conscious Willed Action

END OF CHAPTER THOUGHT QUESTIONS

9 - Deduction and Induction

DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING

DEFINING DEDUCTION

Examples of Deductive Logic

Challenges in Deductive Reasoning

DEDUCTIVE REASONING IN THE LABORATORY

Laboratory Methods for Evaluating Deducting Logic

The Wason Card Selection Task

The Role of Context on the Wason Card Selection Task

Theories of Syllogistic Reasoning

Evolutionary Psychology and Deductive Reasoning

DEDUCTIVE REASONING IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Comparisons Between Reasoning in the Laboratory Versus Reasoning in the Real World

Evidence From Cultural Differences in Deduction

INDUCTIVE REASONING

Induction: From Example to Generalization

INDUCTIVE REASONING IN THE LABORATORY

Inductive Reasoning Tasks

FACTORS THAT AFFECT INDUCTIVE REASONING

Similarity as a Key Property for Inductive Inferences

Inductive Reasoning and Homogeneous CategoryEffects

Other Factors Influencing the Strength of Inductive Inferences

Expertise and Cultural Background Influence Induction

10 - Analogical Reasoning

REASONING BY ANALOGY

Introduction.

RELATIONAL CORRESPONDENCES: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ANALOGIES.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780128095768

0128095768