2000 years of pandemics : past, present, and future / Claudia Ferreira, Marie-Françoise J. Doursout, Joselito S. Balingit.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ferreira, Claudia, author.

Doursout, Marie-Françoise J., author.

Balingit, Joselito S., author.

Contributor:

Edward Potts Cheyney Memorial Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pandemics--History.

Pandemics.

Pandemics--Forecasting.

Genre:

History.

Physical Description:

xxxi, 395 pages : illustrations (some colour) ; 24 cm

Other Title:

Two thousand years of pandemics

Place of Publication:

Cham, Switzerland : Springer, [2023]

Summary:

This book analyzes the factors that have sparked pandemics over the past 2000 years, from the Antonine Plague to COVID-19. It is noteworthy that the frequency of pandemics has increased over the past 2000 years. The authors identify three main drivers for the development of pandemics: transportation, human development, and changes in natural ecosystems. It is important to note that with the advent of the industrial age, the length of time it takes for a pandemic to develop has decreased. COVID-19 is certainly not the last pandemic we will face. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to learn from the past 2000 years to help educate general community and public health officials about pandemic risks and help governments prepare for the next pandemic. The book is also very useful in low and middle-income countries where, in the last several decades, viruses with potential for pandemics have originated. It's comprehensiveness and didactic style make this book a valuable read for government health agencies, private organizations, health care professionals and students.

Contents:

Machine generated contents note: 1. The First 1000 Years CE of Pandemics: Smallpox and Plague

Introduction

The Antonine Plague: Smallpox (165

190 CE)

Description of the Disease

Propagation of the Disease

Perception of the Disease in the Roman Empire

Fatality Rates

Attempts for Treatments

Justinian Plague (541

749 CE)

The Origin and Propagation of the Pandemic

The Pandemic and the Yersinia pestis Bacteria

The High Fatality Rate of the Justinian Plague

Justinian Plague and Climate Change

The Social and Cultural Impact of the Justinian Pest

Justinian Plague and the Divine Punishment

Japanese Smallpox Epidemic (733

737 CE)

The Disease Outbreak and Propagation

The Impact of the Japanese Smallpox on Society

References

2. The Plagues Pandemics: 2000 Years of Recurrent Devastations: The Black Death

The Disease and Bacteria Yersinia pestis

The Plague Zoonosis

The Clinical Characteristics of the Plague

The Black Death (1346

1353)

The Initial Conditions: When Asia Meets Europe in Caffa

The Tartar Horsemen and the Black Death

The Biological Warfare Attack and the Consequences

Escaping Hell: The Propagation Towards Europe Through the Mediterranean

The Black Death Arrives in Italy: The Implementation of Quarantine

The Black Death Strikes Stronger in the United Kingdom

The Search for Cause and Remedies During the Black Death

The Miasma Theory

The Plague Doctors

The Search for Redemption

The Black Death and the Blame on Others

The Aftermath of the Black Death

The Third Plague Pandemic

The Plague in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: The Endemic Situation

Global Distribution of Natural Plague Foci

Treatment

The Plague and the Antibiotic Resistance Problem

3. Outbreaks in the New World: 1492-Mid-Nineteenth Century

Features of Infectious Disease Outbreaks in the New World

The Indigenous Populations of the New World Experienced Disease Outbreaks Before the Europeans Arrived

There Was a Large Scale of Deaths Which Affected the Indigenous Populations of the New World

There Were Many Diseases Introduced into the New World

There Were Multiple Sources of Disease Outbreaks

There Were Multiple Outbreaks of the Same Disease

The Native Populations Were Not Passive Victims of Disease

There Was Transmission of Disease from the New World to Europe

Disease Was Used as a Weapon in Conflicts in the New World

The Colonial Administrations Used Variolation and Vaccination to Fight Smallpox

Conclusion

4. Syphilis, Cholera, and Yellow Fever

Syphilis: The Great Pretender

General Considerations

The Zoonotic Theory of Syphilis and the Climate

Syphilis Transmission and Symptomatology

Syphilis in the Post-antibiotic Era

Syphilis: Maternofetal Mode of Transmission and Clinical Manifestations

Syphilis Diagnosis Testing Recommendations

Classic Regimen

Considerations

Cholera Pandemics

Incubation and Clinical Manifestations

Cholera Treatment

Sanitary Interventions to Prevent the Development of Cholera Pandemics

Yellow Fever

Transmission and Symptoms

Virus Isolation and Vaccine

Current Outbreaks

5. The World Since 1900: Background to Pandemics in the Present

Population

Urbanization

Food Production and Deforestation

Climate Change

Travel

Medical Science

6. Influenza Pandemics

The Spanish Flu

Deadly Virus Struck in Three Waves

The Virus

Aspirin Poisoning and the Flu

Spanish Flu Pandemic Ends

Virus Mutates into Seasonal Flu

The Flu Takes Heavy Toll on Society

The 1957 Influenza Pandemic

Origins

Spread

How Many Were Affected?

Symptoms, Course, and Treatment

The 1957 Pandemic Pathogen: A/H2N2

Pathophysiology

Protective Measures

Vaccine

Mortality

Impact

The 1968 Influenza Pandemic

Symptoms and Course

Pathogen: H3N2

Economic Impact and Aftermath

Comparing the 1957 and 1968

1969 Pandemics

Swine Flu Pandemic 2009

2010

Viral Pathogen Associated with the Swine Flu Pandemic

Incubation Time and Symptoms

Treatments for Swine Flu

7. Coronavirus Pandemics

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): 2002-2003

Hong Kong Index Case

The WHO Reacts

Pathogen

Symptoms and Course of the Disease

Diagnosis

SARS-CoV Treatment

Epidemiology

How Did SARS End?

SARS-CoV Vaccine

Significance of SARS Pandemic

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS): 2012

Present

Pathogenesis

MERS Outside of the Middle East

Symptoms: Course

MERS and Travel

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19

COVID-19 as a Pandemic

Transmission

Symptoms

COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Viral Dose %

Early Prediction of Disease Progression in COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients

Indicators of COVID-19 Spread in the Population

Therapeutic Interventions: Potential Treatments

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Activators

HIF-PHD Inhibitors

Vadadustat

Roxadustat

Daprodustat

Treatment Options During Lung Disease (Predominantly for ARDS)

Conclusions and Challenges to the Field

S ARS-CoV-2 Variants

Variant Epsilon

Lambda, the "Peruvian" Variant

Omicron

Incubation

Treatments

BA.2 Subvariant

Emerging Variants in Africa

Risk of Recombination Between SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Social Impact of COVID-19

COVID-19 and Restriction of Mass Gatherings

COVID-19 and Fear, Anxiety

COVID-19 and Mental Health

COVID-19 and Economy

COVID-19 and Global Ban on Wildlife Trade

COVID-19, a Moment to Step Up for the Vulnerable

The Pandemic and Quarantines Have Accentuated Violence Towards Women

What Is the Doctor's Role?

Conclusion: How Can Humanity Pull Together in These Times? / Dalai Lama

COVID-19: Artwork from a Modern Artist

8. HIV/AIDS, the Pandemic that Went from Initial Despair to a Contained Threat

The Consequences of the Presence of HIV in the Human Body

HIV: A Zoonotic Illness

The Primate SIV

Conspiracy Theories About the Initial HIV Transmission to Humans

The Oral Vaccine Theory

The Bush Meat Trade

The Zaire 59 and DRC 60 Strains: Evidence for an Earlier Crossover?

HIV Dissemination

Early HIV Contamination History in the Twentieth Century

Redeeming Patient Zero

How did the Current HIV Pandemic Start?

The Initial Powerless Search for the Cause of Immunodeficiency

The Breakthrough: HIV Identification

Human-to-Human Transmission

Discrimination and Stigmatization

The Treatment of HIV-Infected Individuals

Mother-to-Child Transmission: In Collaboration with Prof. Stephane Blanche

HIV: A Chronic Disease

The Role of Activism in HIV Drug Development and Cure

The HIV Prevention Efforts

HIV Prevention Efforts

The Unfinished Quest for Vaccines

9. Vaccines

1798 Variola (Edward Jenner)

1885 Rabies (Louis Pasteur)

1921 Tuberculosis (Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin)

1955 Polio (Jonas Salk)

1938 Yellow Fever (Max Theiler)

1963

1969 Measles (John F. Enders); Mumps (Michiaki Takahashi); Meningococcal Infections (Emil C. Gotschlich); Rubella (Stanley A. Plotkin)

1976

Present: Hepatitis B (Philippe Maupas/Maurice R.

Hilleman)

2007 Human Papillomaviruses

2019

Present: COVID-19

China

European Union (EU)

United States

Herd Immunity

Why Is Herd Immunity Important?

How Is Herd Immunity Achieved?

Let Us Take COVID-19 as an Example

How Have We Achieved Herd Immunity for Other Infectious Diseases?

What Is the Outlook for Achieving Herd Immunity in the United States?

How Can We Slow the Transmission of COVID-19

10. Zoonosis

The Landscape Anthropization

Intense Agriculture and Farming

Transmission Chains from Animals to Humans: Hosts and Vectors

Zoonotic Transmission Illustrations

The Impact of Human Activity on the Zoonotic Transmission Chain

The Threat Caused by Tropical Rainforest Exploitation and Destruction

SARS-CoV-2: The Origins of Evil

Is a New Pandemic Inevitable?

Have Humans Given Nature the Tools that Will Ultimately Defeat Mankind?

Should We Fear the Appearance of an Ever-Increasing Number of Zoonosis?

11. Hemorrhagic Fevers: Candidates for Pandemics

Chikungunya Fever

The Epidemics and the Virus

The Zoonotic Origin

Chikungunya and Ecological Imbalances

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Ecological Imbalance

Symptoms and Cure

Dengue Vaccine

Rift Valley Fever

Animal Transmission

The Rift Valley Hemorrhagic Fever Human Transmission

Contents note continued: Symptoms and Incubation

Risk Factors for the Dissemination of the Rift Valley Hemorrhagic Fever

The Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

Symptoms and Incubation

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Treatment

Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever or O'Higgins Disease

Vaccine Treatment

Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever

Epidemics and the Virus

Prevention

Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever

Lassa Fever History

Ecological Imbalance

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever

Marburg in History

Transmission of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever

Pathogenesis of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever

Symptomatology

Virology

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever: Lack of Treatment

Ebola Virus Disease

The Epidemics

The Ebola Virus

Ebola Virus in Animals

Ebola Virus Transmission

Ebola Virus History

Ebola-Zaire Outbreaks

Ebola Variants

Ebola-Sudan Variant

Ebola Variant in the Developed World

Ebola Variant Thai Forest

Ebola Bundibugyo

Ebola Virus Symptoms and Incubation Period

Ebola Virus: Consequences and Risks of Complications

Ebola from an Epidemic as a Potential Pandemic Threat

Conclusions

12. Bioterrorism

Definition

Background

What Is a Bioagent?

The Threat of Bioterrorism

Bioterrorism in History

Emerging Diseases and Bioterrorism: A New Concern?

The Definition of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

General Public Awareness About Bioterrorism

The Role of the Health Professionals in Bioterrorism

Biological Warfare: What to Look For?

Symptoms Potentially Associated with Bioterrorism Agents

Hospital Preparedness for Bioterrorism

The Defense of Houston Program

Risk of Outbreaks from Unintended Consequences of Research and Laboratory Accidents

13. Climate Change and the Risk of Future Pandemics

How Does Climate Change Affect Human Health?

How Does Climate Change Influence the Risks of Infectious Disease Outbreaks?

Examples from History

Vector-Borne Diseases

Mosquitoes

Dengue

Malaria

Zika Virus

Ticks

Lyme Disease

Waterborne Diseases

Drinking Water

Vibriosis and Cholera

Coastal Flooding/Heavy Rainfall

Vibriosis from Oysters

Arctic Region

Influenza

What Can Be Done?

14. Antibiotic Resistance, a Different Pandemic

A Brief History of Antibiotics Discovery

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic Resistance: State of the Emergency

15. The Next Pandemic: Challenges and Hopes

Are We Ready for the Next Pandemic?

Challenges

Challenge #1 The Risk for Emergence of New Pandemic Pathogens Is Poorly Controlled

Challenge #2 The Current Global Health Security Infrastructure Needs to Be Improved

Challenge #3 Gain-of-Function Experiments

Challenge #4 Shortage of Healthcare Workers

Challenge #5 Misinformation

Reasons for Being Hopeful

Reason for Being Hopeful #1 COVID-19 Is Still Fresh in Our Minds

Reason for Being Hopeful #2 Advances in Vaccine Development

Reason for Being Hopeful #3 The Pandemic Spurred Innovation

Reason for Being Hopeful #4 The Spirit of Collaboration

Reason for Being Hopeful #5 More Venues for Dissemination of Information About the Pandemic.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Edward Potts Cheyney Memorial Fund.

ISBN:

9783031100345

3031100344

OCLC:

1322811102

Publisher Number:

99993182136