Writing constitutions. Volume I, Institutions / Wolfgang Babeck, Albrecht Weber.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Babeck, Wolfgang, author.

Weber, Albrecht, 1945- author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Constitutional law.

Legal composition.

Physical Description:

xlvi, 615 pages ; 25 cm

Other Title:

Institutions

Place of Publication:

Cham, Switzerland : Springer, [2022]

Summary:

Writing Constitutions intends to serve as a practical manual for those writing constitutions or interested in their design. It is the first systematic and universal approach to coherently capture concepts and contents of a modern constitution. Volume I breaks each constitutional mechanism into components and offers detailed designs to draft a constitutional clause. This provides lawmakers with the necessary toolkit for writing constitutions and empowers them to strengthen democracies. Writing Constitutions comes in three volumes: - Volume I: Institutions - Volume II: Fundamental Rights - Volume III: Constitutional Principles.

Contents:

Machine generated contents note: pt. I Parliament

1. Unicameral or Bicameral Parliaments / Albrecht Weber

1.1. Overview of the External Organisational Structure of Parliaments

1.1.1. Historical Context and Function

1.1.2. Structural Approach

1.2. Monocameral Parliaments

1.3. Bicameral Parliaments

1.4. Remarks

References

2. The Deputy / Wolfgang Babeck

2.1. Status of a Deputy: The Free Mandate, Its Limitation and Protection

2.1.1. Overview over the Status of a Deputy

2.1.1.1. Free Mandate, Incompatibility, Loss of Mandate

2.1.1.2. Purpose and Function of the Rules

2.1.1.3. Historical Context

2.1.1.4. Related Topics

2.1.1.5. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

2.1.2. Details of the Clause

2.1.2.1. Is the Mandate Free or Imperative?

2.1.2.2. Is the Mandate (In)compatible with Other Occupations?

2.1.2.3. Does the Constitution Provide for the Deputy's Salary?

2.1.2.4. Does the Constitution List Causes That Lead to a Loss of the Mandate?

2.1.2.5. Are the Rules Regulated in the Constitution or by National Laws?

2.2. The Deputy: Immunity and Indemnity

2.2.1. Overview over Immunity and Indemnity

2.2.1.1. Definition

2.2.1.2. Purpose and Function of Immunity and Indemnity

2.2.1.3. Legal Nature/Character

2.2.1.4. Historical Context

2.2.1.5. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

2.2.2. Details of the Clause

2.2.2.1. Is Indemnity Guaranteed at All?

2.2.2.2. What Is the Scope of Indemnity?

2.2.2.3. Are There Exceptions for Certain Crimes?

2.2.2.4. Is There a Temporal Limit of Indemnity?

2.2.2.5. Is Immunity Guaranteed at All?

2.2.2.6. What Is the Scope of Immunity?

2.2.2.7. Is There a Temporal Limit to Immunity?

2.2.2.8. Can Immunity/Indemnity Be Lifted?

2.2.2.9. Can a Court Review the Decision?

3. Political Parties and Thresholds / Wolfgang Babeck

3.1. Rules Around Political Parties

3.1.1. Overview of the Clauses Referring to Political Parties

3.1.1.1. Definition, Purpose and Function of Political Parties

3.1.1.2. Historical Context

3.1.1.3. Procedural Questions

3.1.1.4. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

3.1.2. Details of the Clauses Concerning Political Parties

3.1.2.1. Qualification as Political Party

3.1.2.2. Protection of Political Parties

3.1.2.3. Ban and Dissolution

3.1.2.4. Party Financing

3.1.2.5. Necessity of a Constitutional Rule Concerning Political Parties

3.2. Election Thresholds Including Allocation of Non-counting Votes

3.2.1. Overview of the Threshold Clause

3.2.1.1. Definition

3.2.1.2. Historical Context and Purpose of a Threshold Clause

3.2.1.3. Disadvantages of a Threshold Clause

3.2.1.4. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

3.2.2. Details of a Threshold Clause in a Constitutional System

3.2.2.1. Majority System

3.2.2.2. Proportional System

3.2.2.3. Level of the Threshold

3.2.2.4. Does the Threshold Apply to Parties or Party Coalitions?

3.2.2.5. Exemptions to Support Regionally Strong Parties

3.2.2.5.1. Option 1: (Alternative) Threshold on District Level

3.2.2.5.2. Option 2: No Application of Threshold if Party Wins Several Seats in a Constituency

3.2.2.6. Allocation of "Wasted" (i.e. Unallocated) Votes

3.2.2.7. Regulation on Constitutional Level or by Ordinary Law?

Electoral Laws Referred to in This Chapter

4. Internal Organisation of Parliament and Role of the Opposition / Wolfgang Babeck

4.1. Overview of the Organisation of Parliament (Speaker, Praesidium, Committees, Factions and the Opposition)

4.1.1. Historical Context

4.1.2. Purpose and Function of Parliament

4.1.3. Procedural Questions

4.1.4. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

4.2. Details of the Clauses

4.2.1. The Speaker

4.2.2. The Presidium

4.2.3. Committees

4.2.4. Faction

4.2.5. Opposition

4.2.5.1. Constitutional Establishment of the Main Principles

4.2.5.2. Status of Members of Parliament

4.2.5.3. Financial Resources of Factions

4.2.5.4. Non-parliamentary Actors

4.2.5.5. Allocation of Positions of Responsibility

4.2.5.6. Procedural Decisions Within Parliament

4.2.5.7. Allocation of Speaking Time

4.2.5.8. Amendments by the Opposition to Proposed Bills

4.2.5.9. Qualified Majorities for Bills

4.2.5.9.1. Participation by the Opposition in the Appointment of Senior Office Holders

4.2.6. Detail of Regulation

5. Investigative Committees and Inquisitorial Rights / Wolfgang Babeck

5.1. Investigative Committees

5.1.1. Overview of the Investigative Committee

5.1.1.1. Definition

5.1.1.2. Historical Context

5.1.1.3. Function

5.1.1.4. Caveat: Limits of the Function

5.1.1.5. Procedural Questions

5.1.1.6. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

5.1.2. Details of the Clause Concerning Investigative Committees

5.1.2.1. How Can the Parliament form an Investigative Committee?

5.1.2.1.1. What Organ Is Responsible for the Formation?

5.1.2.1.2. What Majority Is Required?

5.1.2.2. What Is the Subject and Scope of the Investigation?

5.1.2.3. How Is the Committee Composed?

5.1.2.4. What Rights and Limits of Investigation or Intervention Does the Committee Have?

5.1.2.4.1. General Powers

5.1.2.4.2. Exceptions and Prerequisites

5.1.2.5. How Do the Findings Relate to the Judiciary?

5.1.2.6. When and How Is the Committee Dissolved?

5.1.2.7. Regulation on Constitutional Level or by Ordinary Law?

5.2. Inquisitorial Rights

5.2.1. Overview of Inquisitorial Rights

5.2.1.1. Definition

5.2.1.2. Historical Context

5.2.1.3. Function

5.2.1.4. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions Concerning Inquisitorial Rights

5.2.2. Details of the Clauses Concerning Parliament's Inquisitorial Rights

5.2.2.1. Right of Questioning

5.2.2.1.1. Overview

5.2.2.1.2. Written Enquiries

5.2.2.1.3. Institutionalized Regular Question Time

5.2.2.1.4. Means of Enforcing the Right of Questioning

5.2.2.2. Right of Interpellation

5.2.2.2.1. Overview

5.2.2.2.2. Initiation Threshold

5.2.2.2.3. Addressee

5.2.2.2.4. Duty to Personally Attend

5.2.2.2.5. Obligation to Respond

5.2.2.3. Allowed Scope of Questions

6. Legislation / Albrecht Weber

6.1. Overview

6.2. Legislative Initiative

6.2.1. Detailed Provisions

6.2.2. Remarks

6.3. Reading of Laws

6.3.1. Detailed Provisions

6.3.2. Remarks

6.4. Solution of Bicameral Conflicts

6.4.1. Detailed Provisions

6.4.2. Remarks

6.5. Approval and Control of Legislative Acts

6.5.1. Detailed Provisions

6.5.2. Remarks

6.6. Parliamentary Reservation and Delegated Legislation

6.6.1. Overview

6.6.2. Parliamentary Reservation

6.6.3. Remarks

6.6.4. Delegated Legislation

6.6.5. Remarks

pt. II President

7. The Presidential Office: Qualification, Election and Term / Wolfgang Babeck

7.1. Qualification and Oath

7.1.1. Overview of the Presidential Qualifications and Oath

7.1.1.1. Definitions

7.1.1.2. Historical Context

7.1.1.3. Qualification Clause

7.1.1.4. Oath

7.1.1.5. Potential of Misuse

7.1.2. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions and Qualifications

7.1.2.1. Age Restrictions

7.1.2.2. Citizenship

7.1.2.2.1. Citizenship Requirements

7.1.2.2.2. Controversy "Natural-Born"

7.1.2.2.3. Term Citizenship "By Origin"

7.1.2.2.4. Citizenship Requirements for Relatives

7.1.2.3. Residence

7.1.2.4. Right to Vote and Eligibility

7.1.2.5. Education and Religion

7.1.2.5.1. An Issue in Poor and Religious Countries

7.1.2.5.2. Recommendation for a Democratic Society

7.1.2.6. Incompatibilities

7.1.2.6.1. Ineligibility

7.1.2.6.2. Other Reasons for Incompatibility

7.1.2.7. Possible Solutions to Prevent Misuse and Negative List

7.1.2.8. Clause to Restrict Amendments

7.1.3. Oath

7.2. Election of the President

7.2.1. Overview

7.2.1.1. Definition and Purpose of the Provision

7.2.1.2. Historical Context

7.2.1.3. Criteria for a "Good" Election Clause

7.2.2. Procedural Questions

7.2.3. Structural Approach

7.2.4. Details of the Election Clause

7.2.4.1. When Does the Election Take Place?

7.2.4.2. How Are the Candidates Pre-selected?

7.2.4.3. Direct or Indirect Election?

7.2.4.4. In Case of an Indirect Election, Which Body Elects the President?

7.2.5. Which Majority Is Required To Be Voted into Office?

7.2.6. Is There a Minimum Turnout Rate?

7.2.7. What Happens if the Candidate Does Not Obtain the Required Majority?

7.2.8. Supplementing Provisions

7.3. Duration of Presidential Term

7.3.1. Overview

7.3.1.1. Definition

7.3.1.2. Purpose and Function of the Rule

7.3.1.3. Historical Context

7.3.2. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

7.3.3. Details of the Clause Concerning the Duration of Office

7.3.3.1. Is a Limitation of the Duration of Office at All Required?

7.3.3.2. Which Duration Is Advisable?

7.3.3.3. Is a Limit of Possible Re-elections Advisable?

7.3.3.4. Limited Number of Re-elections After Regular Election into Office

7.3.3.5. Limited Number of Re-election After Not Being Elected into Office

7.3.3.6. How Many Re-elections Should Be Possible?

Contents note continued: 7.3.3.7. Should There Be Exemptions from the Limit of Re-elections?

7.3.4. Eternal Guarantee

7.3.5. Conclusion

8. Presidential Powers and Veto Rights / Albrecht Weber

8.1. Competencies of the President

8.1.1. Overview and Structural Approach

8.1.2. Various Functions of the President

8.1.2.1. Guardian and Guarantee Functions

8.1.2.2. Control of Constitutionality of State Action

8.1.2.3. Remarks

8.1.2.4. Guarantee Function in Times of Crisis

8.1.2.5. Remarks

8.1.2.6. Arbitral and Mediation Function

8.1.2.7. Executive Functions

8.1.2.8. Remarks

8.2. Countersigning

8.2.1. Overview

8.2.1.1. Definition

8.2.1.2. Purpose

8.2.1.3. Historical Context

8.2.1.4. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

8.2.2. Details of the Clause

8.2.2.1. Does the Article Feature a Positive or Negative Nature?

8.2.2.2. Who Is the Person to Countersign?

8.2.2.3. What Are the Consequences of No Countersignature?

8.2.2.4. What Are the Exceptions from Countersignature?

8.2.2.4.1. Ceremonial Prerogatives

8.2.2.4.2. Protector of the State and Constitution

8.2.2.4.3. Organisation of Office

8.2.2.4.4. President as Mediator

8.2.2.5. Executive Powers

8.3. Veto Powers

8.3.1. Overview of the Presidential Veto Powers

8.3.1.1. Definition

8.3.1.2. Purpose and Function of the Rule

8.3.1.3. Historical Context

8.3.1.4. Procedural Questions

8.3.1.5. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

8.3.2. Details of the Clause Relating to the Veto Right

8.3.2.1. Absolute or Suspensive Veto Power

8.3.2.2. Limitations of the Veto Power

8.3.2.3. Effects of the Exercise of the Veto

8.3.2.4. Legislative Overriding Procedures

9. Dissolution of Parliament and Impeachment of President / Wolfgang Babeck

9.1. Dissolution of Parliament

9.1.1. Overview of the Dissolution of Parliament

9.1.1.1. Definition

9.1.1.2. Purpose and Function of the Rule

9.1.1.3. Historical Context

9.1.1.4. Procedural Questions

9.1.2. Details of the Dissolution Clause

9.1.2.1. Should Parliament be Immune from Dissolution by the Executive?

9.1.2.2. Which Organ Should Be Able to Dissolve Parliament?

9.1.2.3. In What Circumstances Should the Right of Dissolution Be Exercised?

9.1.2.4. Which Limitations and Restrictions Should Be Provided?

9.1.2.5. Which Constitutional Organ(s) Should Be Involved in the Dissolution?

9.2. Impeachment

9.2.1. Overview of the Impeachment Clause

9.2.1.1. No Anti-impeachment Clause

9.2.1.2. Historical Context and the Unsuitable Example of the US Constitution

9.2.1.3. Additional Considerations for Presidential Systems

9.2.1.4. Procedural Questions

9.2.1.5. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

9.2.2. Details of the Impeachment Clause

9.2.2.1. Which Officials Aside from the President Can Be Impeached?

9.2.2.2. Organ and Majority to Initiate Impeachment Process

9.2.2.3. No Immediate Substitution of the President

9.2.2.4. What Constitutes the Misconduct?

9.2.2.4.1. What Right of Defence Is Vested in the Constitution?

9.2.2.4.2. Does a Court Review the Alleged Misconduct and Are Those Findings Binding?

9.2.2.5. Decision Making: What Organ(s) and Majorities Are Required to Impeach the President?

9.2.2.6. Who Replaces the Impeached Person?

9.2.2.7. Timeframe Between Procedural Steps and Limitations to Impeachment

pt. III Government

10. Government / Albrecht Weber

10.1. Role and Function of Government

10.2. Governmental Leadership and Organisation

10.2.1. Prime Minister/Minister-President/Chancellor

10.2.2. Principles of Organisation: Departmental-Collegiate Principle

10.3. Appointment and Dismissal of Government

10.3.1. Overview

10.3.1.1. Historical Context

10.3.1.2. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

10.3.2. Details of the Clauses

10.3.2.1. Appointment of the Head of Government

10.3.2.2. Dismissal of the Head of Government and of Individual Ministers

10.3.2.3. Separation of Appointment from Selection of Candidate

10.3.2.4. Forming Government in Case of Uncertain Majorities

10.3.2.5. Timeframes When Forming Government

10.3.2.6. Detail of Appointment/Dismissal Clauses

10.4. Vote of Confidence Clause

10.4.1. Overview of the Vote of Confidence Clause

10.4.1.1. Definition

10.4.1.2. Purpose and Function of the Rule

10.4.1.3. Norm Addressee

10.4.1.4. Legal Nature/Character

10.4.1.5. Historical Context

10.4.1.6. Procedural Questions

10.4.1.7. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

10.4.2. Details of the Vote of Confidence Clause

10.4.2.1. Why Do Many Parliamentary Democracies Have a Vote of Confidence?

10.4.2.2. Who Has the Power to Initiate a Vote of Confidence?

10.4.2.3. What Organ(s) Are Required to Initiate the Vote?

10.4.2.4. What Are the Prerequisites for Invoking a Vote of Confidence?

10.4.2.5. What Majority Is Needed?

10.4.2.6. What Are the Time Limits of the Vote?

10.4.2.7. What Are the Legal Consequences of a Vote of Confidence?

10.4.2.7.1 A Resignation of Government

10.4.2.7.2 B Dissolution of Parliament

10.4.2.7.3 C New Elections

10.5. Vote of No Confidence Clause

10.5.1. Overview of the Vote of No Confidence Clause

10.5.1.1. Definition

10.5.1.2. Purpose and Function of the Rule

10.5.1.3. Norm Addressee

10.5.1.4. Legal Nature/Character

10.5.1.5. Historical Context

10.5.1.6. Procedural Questions

10.5.1.7. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

10.5.2. Details of the Clause

10.5.2.1. How Is the Vote of No Confidence Initiated?

10.5.2.2. Who Is Subject to the Vote of No Confidence?

10.5.2.2.1 A Government as a Whole or the Head of Government

10.5.2.2.2 B Individual Ministers

10.5.2.2.3 C Other Subjects

10.5.2.3. What Are the Procedural Criteria of the Vote?

10.5.2.3.1 A Formal Requirements of the Vote

10.5.2.3.2 B Majority Required for the Vote of No Confidence

10.5.2.3.3 C Further Procedural Requirements of the Vote/Exclusion Criteria

10.5.2.4. What Are the Time Limits of the Vote?

10.5.2.5. How Does Third Power Intervention Verify the Vote of No Confidence?

10.5.2.6. What Are the Consequences of a Vote of No Confidence?

10.5.2.6.1 A Consequences of a Successful Vote of No Confidence Against an Individual Minister

10.5.2.6.2 B Overview of Consequences After a Successful Vote of No Confidence Against the Government as a Whole or the Head of Government

10.5.2.6.3 C Resignation or Removal of the Government

10.5.2.6.4 D Dissolution of Parliament and Re-Elections

10.5.2.6.5 E Constructive Vote of No Confidence

10.5.2.6.6 F Timeframe for Consequences

pt. IV Judiciary

11. Constitutional Courts: Supreme Courts / Albrecht Weber

11.1. Overview of Constitutional Jurisdiction and Judges

11.1.1. Introduction

11.1.2. Normative Status

11.1.3. Nomination of Judges: Organs and Election

11.1.4. Remarks

11.1.5. Independence of Judges

11.1.5.1. Duration of Office

11.1.5.2. Remarks

11.1.5.3. Irrevocability

11.1.5.4. Remarks

11.1.5.5. Indemnities/Immunities

11.1.5.6. Remarks

11.1.5.7. Incompatibilities

11.1.5.8. Remarks

11.2. Competences of Constitutional/Supreme Courts

11.2.1. Abstract Control of Norms

11.2.1.1. Retroactive Control ("a posteriori")

11.2.1.2. Preventive Control ("a priori")

11.2.2. Diffuse and Centralized Judicial Review of Norms

11.2.2.1. Historical Context and Definition

11.2.2.2. Centralized Judicial Review

11.2.2.3. Mixed Models

11.2.2.4. Remarks

11.2.2.5. Decentralized Judicial Review ("Diffuse Review")

11.2.2.6. Remarks

11.2.3. Individual Complaints: Popular Complaints ("Actio Popularis")

11.2.3.1. Overview

11.2.3.2. Remarks

11.2.4. Conflict of Competences

11.2.4.1. Introduction

11.2.4.2. Remarks

11.2.5. Control of Elections, Mandates, Referenda

11.2.5.1. Overview

11.2.5.2. Remarks

11.2.6. Protecting the Constitution

11.2.6.1. Overview

11.2.6.2. Remarks

12. General and Special Jurisdictions and Public Prosecution / Albrecht Weber

12.1. Overview of General and Special Jurisdictions

12.1.1. Definition

12.1.2. Establishment of Courts and Appointment of Judges

12.1.2.1. Establishment of Courts

12.1.2.2. Remarks

12.1.2.3. Appointment of Judges

12.1.2.4. System of Appointment

12.1.2.5. Remarks

12.1.2.6. Relevance of Political Forms of State on the Appointment

12.1.2.7. The Role of Self-Governing Bodies ("High Councils of Judges")

12.1.2.8. Independence of Judges

12.1.2.9. Budget of the Judiciary

12.1.2.10. Remarks

12.2. Public Prosecution Service

12.2.1. Overview

12.2.2. Remarks

pt. V Territorial Structure

13. Territorial Structure / Albrecht Weber

13.1. Overview: Terms and Definitions

13.1.1. Typology

13.1.2. Structural Approach Relating to Territorial Structures

13.2. Details of the Territorial Structures

13.2.1. Unitary Systems

13.2.2. Remarks Relating to Unitary Systems

13.2.3. Regionalised Systems

13.2.4. Remarks Relating to Regional Systems

13.2.5. Federal Systems

Contents note continued: 13.2.6. Remarks Relating to Federal Systems

13.2.7. Local Government

13.2.8. Remarks Relating to Local Government

pt. VI State of Emergency

14. State of Emergency / Wolfgang Babeck

14.1. Overview of the State of Emergency

14.1.1. Definition

14.1.2. Purpose and Function of the Rule

14.1.3. Norm Addressee

14.1.4. Historical Context and Corona Virus Responses

14.1.5. Structural Approach

14.2. Details of the State of Emergency Clauses

14.2.1. Types of Emergency Rule

14.2.2. Procedure for Declaring the State of Emergency

14.2.3. Substantive Requirements

14.2.3.1. Shift of Competencies During Emergency

14.2.3.2. Protection and Limitation of Human Rights

14.2.3.3. Important Restrictions

14.2.3.4. Effective Period of the State of Emergency

14.2.4. Legal Consequences

14.2.5. Legislative Control

14.2.6. Judicial Review

14.3. Remarks

14.3.1. Specification of the Emergency

14.3.2. Notification

14.3.3. The Principle of Non-derogation or Limitation of Fundamental Rights

14.3.4. The Principle of Proportionality

14.3.5. Supervision

14.3.6. Conclusion

pt. VII Defence

15. Defence / Albrecht Weber

15.1. Military Forces: National Security Institutions

15.2. Remarks to Status and Role of Military Functions

15.3. Power of Military Command

15.4. Power to Declare War or Emergency

15.4.1. Power to Declare War

15.4.2. Emergency Powers

15.4.2.1. Parliamentary Control of Emergency and War Powers

15.4.2.2. Emergency Powers

15.5. Oversight of War Powers

15.6. Remarks

pt. VIII Budget, Finance and Central Banks

16. Budget, Finance and Central Banks / Wolfgang Babeck

16.1. Budget Clause and Control Chamber

16.1.1. Overview of the Budget Clause

16.1.1.1. Definition

16.1.1.2. Purpose and Function

16.1.1.3. Legal Nature/Character

16.1.1.4. Historical Context

16.1.1.5. Procedural Questions

16.1.1.6. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

16.1.2. Details of the Budget Clause

16.1.2.1. Who Has the Right to Propose the Budget?

16.1.2.2. Who Needs to Approve of the Budget?

16.1.2.3. Can Another Institution Amend the Proposed Bill?

16.1.2.4. Absence of a Budget Before the New Fiscal Term. Can an Emergency Budget Be Enacted?

16.1.2.5. What Can Be Done If the Expenses Exceed the Budget?

16.2. Taxes

16.2.1. Overview of the Financial Constitution

16.2.1.1. Definition

16.2.1.2. Purpose and Function of the Rules

16.2.1.3. Ways to Generate Income

16.2.1.4. Sovereignties Regarding Taxes

16.2.1.5. Supervision

16.2.1.6. Historical Context

16.2.1.7. Procedural Questions

16.2.1.8. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

16.2.2. Details of the Income Clause

16.2.2.1. Limitation of Public Debt

16.2.2.2. Limitation on Burdening Citizens

16.2.2.3. Duration of Taxation

16.2.2.4. What Provisions Need to Be in the Constitution?

16.2.3. Details of the Control Chamber Clause

16.2.3.1. Control and Revision of Expenses

16.2.3.2. Scope of Review

16.2.3.3. Composition of the Control Chamber

16.3. Central Banks

16.3.1. Overview

16.3.1.1. Definition

16.3.1.2. Historical Context

16.3.1.3. Structural Approach and Guiding Question

16.3.2. Details of the Central Bank Clause

16.3.2.1. National Bank as a Mandatory Part of the Constitution

16.3.2.2. Scope of Provisions

16.3.2.3. Establishment Clause

16.3.2.4. Allocation of Powers

16.3.2.5. Executive Body

16.3.2.6. Term of Office

16.3.2.7. Personal Qualification

16.3.2.8. Appointment of Board Members

16.3.2.9. Appointment of a Chairperson

16.3.2.10. Accountability

16.3.2.11. Sublegal Reference

pt. IX Referendum

17. The Referendum / Wolfgang Babeck

17.1. Overview of the Referendum Clause

17.1.1. Definition

17.1.2. Historical Context

17.1.3. Purpose and Function of Referendums

17.1.4. Procedural Questions

17.1.5. Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

17.2. Details of the Referendum Clause

17.2.1. Is a Referendum Clause Required?

17.2.2. What Body Is Competent to Initiate a Referendum?

17.2.3. Which Body Has the Power to Determine the Scope and Subject of the Referendum?

17.2.4. What Topics Can Be the Subject of a Referendum?

17.2.5. What Are the Procedural Specifications for a Referendum?

17.2.6. What Is the Regional Scope of a Referendum?

17.2.7. What Are the Temporal Requirements of a Referendum?

17.2.8. What Quorum Is Required for a Successful Referendum?

17.2.9. Is a Referendum's Outcome Binding?

17.2.10. Is a Referendum's Outcome Subject to Judicial Review?

pt. X Amending the Constitution

18. Amendment Power / Wolfgang Babeck

18.1. Overview of the Rule on Constitutional Amendments

18.1.1. Definition: Distinction Between Constitution-Making, Constitutional Amendment and Transformation

18.1.2. Chances and Risks of Rigid and Flexible Constitutions

18.1.3. The Rules on Constitutional Amendment: Overview of the Requirements

18.2. Details of the Clause: Structural Approach and Guiding Questions

18.2.1. Formal Requirements

18.2.1.1. Organs and Majorities Required to Initiate the Amendment

18.2.1.2. What Organs and Majorities Are Required to Adopt the Amendment?

18.2.1.3. Electoral System

18.2.1.4. Constitutional Development

18.2.1.5. Constitutional Referendum and Alternatives

18.2.1.6. Timeframe for the Legislative Advice and Adoption

18.2.1.7. Approval by (Mandatory/Optional) Referendum

18.2.1.8. Method of the Textual Revision

18.2.2. Substantive Requirements

18.2.2.1. Which Sections of a Constitution Are Immutable?

18.2.2.2. Amendment of the Rules on Constitutional Amendments

18.2.2.3. Moratorium

18.2.3. Involvement of the Constitutional Court

18.3. Remarks

References.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9783030946012

3030946010

OCLC:

1288667511

Publisher Number:

99992600420